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Questions and Answers
What condition is indicated by hyperglobulinemia?
What condition is indicated by hyperglobulinemia?
- Hypoproteinemia
- Kidney failure
- Chronic inflammation (correct)
- Liver disease
Hypoglobulinemia is seen in immunodeficiencies.
Hypoglobulinemia is seen in immunodeficiencies.
True (A)
What is the normal range of fibrinogen levels in mg/dL?
What is the normal range of fibrinogen levels in mg/dL?
200-400
Fibrinogen is converted to _______ by thrombin during clot formation.
Fibrinogen is converted to _______ by thrombin during clot formation.
Which enzyme is predominantly associated with acute myocardial infarction (MI)?
Which enzyme is predominantly associated with acute myocardial infarction (MI)?
Which of the following is a cause of hyperproteinemia?
Which of the following is a cause of hyperproteinemia?
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) exists only in a dimeric structure.
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) exists only in a dimeric structure.
Match the enzyme type with its potential clinical significance:
Match the enzyme type with its potential clinical significance:
What type of diseases are indicated by increased levels of CK-3?
What type of diseases are indicated by increased levels of CK-3?
Blood samples for enzyme tests should be taken with anticoagulants.
Blood samples for enzyme tests should be taken with anticoagulants.
What term describes the activity of enzymes measured in a laboratory?
What term describes the activity of enzymes measured in a laboratory?
The enzyme __________ is primarily associated with pancreatic diseases.
The enzyme __________ is primarily associated with pancreatic diseases.
Match the following serum enzymes with their corresponding tissue and increased conditions:
Match the following serum enzymes with their corresponding tissue and increased conditions:
Which of the following enzymes is NOT typically found in liver tissue?
Which of the following enzymes is NOT typically found in liver tissue?
Which blood collection tube is used for coagulation studies?
Which blood collection tube is used for coagulation studies?
Serum contains clotting factors such as fibrinogen.
Serum contains clotting factors such as fibrinogen.
Gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT) is a common enzyme used to diagnose muscle diseases.
Gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT) is a common enzyme used to diagnose muscle diseases.
Name one genetic disease that can be diagnosed using enzymatic tests.
Name one genetic disease that can be diagnosed using enzymatic tests.
What protein accounts for approximately 50% of blood proteins?
What protein accounts for approximately 50% of blood proteins?
The yellow-top tube contains a clot activator and _____ separator.
The yellow-top tube contains a clot activator and _____ separator.
What is the primary function of gamma-globulins?
What is the primary function of gamma-globulins?
Match the following types of blood proteins with their primary roles:
Match the following types of blood proteins with their primary roles:
Name one condition that can lead to hypoalbuminemia.
Name one condition that can lead to hypoalbuminemia.
High levels of albumin (hyperalbuminemia) are commonly due to liver disease.
High levels of albumin (hyperalbuminemia) are commonly due to liver disease.
Which enzyme is specifically related to liver damage?
Which enzyme is specifically related to liver damage?
Aspartate transaminase (AST) is primarily associated with liver damage.
Aspartate transaminase (AST) is primarily associated with liver damage.
What does an elevation in alkaline phosphatase (AP) indicate during the third trimester of pregnancy?
What does an elevation in alkaline phosphatase (AP) indicate during the third trimester of pregnancy?
______ is the enzyme that increases after fatty meals.
______ is the enzyme that increases after fatty meals.
Match the conditions with their related enzymes:
Match the conditions with their related enzymes:
Which enzyme increases significantly within the first 6 hours after an acute myocardial infarction?
Which enzyme increases significantly within the first 6 hours after an acute myocardial infarction?
What enzyme is associated with poisoning from organic phosphorus compounds?
What enzyme is associated with poisoning from organic phosphorus compounds?
The enzyme responsible for Glucose homeostasis is called _______.
The enzyme responsible for Glucose homeostasis is called _______.
Flashcards
Plasma vs. Serum
Plasma vs. Serum
Plasma is the liquid part of blood containing clotting factors, while serum is the liquid part after clotting, lacking clotting factors.
Blood Collection Tubes
Blood Collection Tubes
Different colored tubes used for different blood tests, containing various additives to prevent clotting or preserve specific components.
Albumin
Albumin
A major blood protein primarily produced by the liver, responsible for transporting various substances like hormones, fatty acids, etc.
Globulins
Globulins
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Fibrinogen
Fibrinogen
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Hypoalbuminemia
Hypoalbuminemia
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Clinical Significance of Blood Proteins
Clinical Significance of Blood Proteins
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Red-top tubes
Red-top tubes
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Creatine Kinase (CK)
Creatine Kinase (CK)
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CK Isoenzymes
CK Isoenzymes
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Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)
Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)
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LDH Isoenzymes
LDH Isoenzymes
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Transaminases (AST and ALT)
Transaminases (AST and ALT)
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AST
AST
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ALT
ALT
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Serum Enzyme Testing
Serum Enzyme Testing
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Hyperglobulinemia
Hyperglobulinemia
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Fibrinogen (Factor I)
Fibrinogen (Factor I)
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Normal Fibrinogen Level
Normal Fibrinogen Level
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Hyperproteinemia
Hyperproteinemia
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Hypoproteinemia
Hypoproteinemia
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Clinical Biomarkers (Enzymes)
Clinical Biomarkers (Enzymes)
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Enzyme Activity Testing
Enzyme Activity Testing
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ALT (Alanine Transaminase)
ALT (Alanine Transaminase)
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AST (Aspartate Transaminase)
AST (Aspartate Transaminase)
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Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)
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Enzyme elevation in Acute MI
Enzyme elevation in Acute MI
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Phenylketonuria (PKU)
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
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Galactosemia
Galactosemia
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Serum Cholinesterase
Serum Cholinesterase
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Study Notes
Blood Proteins and Their Clinical Importance
-
Learning Objectives:
- List blood proteins
- Explain the difference between plasma and serum
- Describe properties of blood collection tubes
- Relate blood protein levels to clinical tables
-
Blood Elements:
- Plasma (about 55%): Water, proteins, electrolytes
- Platelets (0.01%): Cell fragments
- Red blood cells (about 41%): Carry oxygen
- White blood cells (about 4%): Lymphocytes, Basophils, Eosinophils, Monocytes, Neutrophils
Plasma Proteins
- Types: Albumin, globulins, fibrinogen, hormone-transporting proteins, clotting factors, other proteins (enzymes, etc.)
- Functions: Transport (albumin), antibodies and transport (globulins), blood clotting (fibrinogen), hormones/enzymes/etc. (other proteins)
Blood Collection Tubes
- Red-top: No additives, used for serum in chemistry tests
- Purple/Lavender-top: Contains EDTA, used for CBC and blood typing
- Green-top: Contains heparin, used for plasma in chemistry and genetic studies
- Blue-top: Contains sodium citrate, used for coagulation studies (PT, APTT)
- Yellow-top: Contains clot activator and gel separator, used for serum tests and biochemistry
- Gray-top: Contains fluoride/oxalate, used for glucose and lactate testing (the slides show some tubes are labeled as "ESR" and "PLAIN" and others)
Clinical Biomarkers
- Plasma protein levels:
- Hyperproteinemia: More protein in the blood (dehydration, vomiting, excessive sweating, polyuria, and inadequate fluid intake, diabetes, inflammation)
- Hypoproteinemia (less in blood): Water intoxication, excessive water intake, heart failure, excessive protein loss (kidney issues, burns, thyroid conditions), protein synthesis problems, inadequate protein/calorie intake
Enzymes and Biomarkers
- Enzymes are tissue-specific; their presence in blood indicates tissue damage
- Diagnostic enzymology and clinical enzymology use calculated enzyme activity for diagnostic information
Serum vs. Plasma
- Plasma: Contains clotting factors; obtained by centrifuging anticoagulated blood.
- Serum: Lacks clotting factors; obtained after blood clots and centrifuged.
Important Serum Enzymes
- Transaminases (AST and ALT)
- Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
- Creatine kinase (CK)
- Phosphatases (ALP and ACP)
- Amylase (AMS)
- Lipase (LPS)
- Gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT)
- Aldolase (ALS)
- Leucine aminopeptidase (LAP)
- Pseudocholinesterase (ChE)
- Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)
Acute MI & Enzymes
- AST and CK increase in 6 hours
- HBDH and LDH increase in a day and remain for 5-7 days
Diagnosis of Genetic Disorders/Poisoning
- Phenylketonuria (PKU)
- Galactosemia
- Galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase
- Glucose homeostasis
- Glucose 6-phosphatase
- Serum cholinesterase (poisoning with organic phosphorus compounds)
Albumins
- Produced by the liver
- Carry 50% of blood proteins
- Carry items like Ca2+, NA+, K+, Bilirubin, and fatty acids
- Increased levels: Dehydration, vomiting
- Decreased levels: Liver damage, malnutrition, kidney diseases
Globulins
- Involved in transport and immune response
- Alpha-globulins: Transport lipids and vitamins
- Beta-globulins: Iron transport, immune response
- Gamma-globulins: Antibodies, critical for immune defense
Fibrinogen
- Important for blood clotting
- Created by the liver
- Forms clots by converting to fibrin
Alkaline Phosphatase (AP)
- Present in liver, bones, placenta, and intestines
- Increases after fatty meals (intestines), high in children/teens during bone healing, elevated in pregnancy (placenta)
Liver Damage and Enzymes (Viral Hepatitis): Summary Chart
(Diagram showing levels of enzymes, including ALT, AST, ALP, and GGT, over time in relation to liver disease)
Tests for Blood Specimens
- Plasma is not useful for enzyme tests
- The best sample for enzyme tests is serum (no anticoagulants in serum)
- Best to centrifuge blood immediately after clotting and separate serum
- Use fresh blood for enzyme tests whenever possible
- Some enzymes don't lose activity for 1-2 days in a refrigerator, while a few become inactive in hours at room temperature
Disease Diagnostic Fields
- Heart and lung diseases
- Liver diseases
- Muscle diseases
- Bone diseases
- Pancreatic diseases
- Malignancies
- Genetic diseases
- Hematologic diseases
- Poisoning
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of blood proteins and their importance in clinical settings. This quiz covers types of blood proteins, differences between plasma and serum, and the significance of blood collection tubes. Discover how blood protein levels relate to clinical conditions.
