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Questions and Answers
What type of blood collection tube is used primarily for coagulation studies?
What type of blood collection tube is used primarily for coagulation studies?
Which component is absent in serum but present in plasma?
Which component is absent in serum but present in plasma?
What is the primary function of albumin in the blood?
What is the primary function of albumin in the blood?
Which type of globulin is primarily involved in immune response?
Which type of globulin is primarily involved in immune response?
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Which blood collection tube contains EDTA and is used for complete blood count testing?
Which blood collection tube contains EDTA and is used for complete blood count testing?
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What condition is associated with low levels of albumin in the blood?
What condition is associated with low levels of albumin in the blood?
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Which blood collection tube is designed for glucose and lactate testing?
Which blood collection tube is designed for glucose and lactate testing?
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Which type of globulin is responsible for iron transport in the blood?
Which type of globulin is responsible for iron transport in the blood?
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What condition is indicated by hyperglobulinemia?
What condition is indicated by hyperglobulinemia?
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Which of the following conditions is associated with hypoglobulinemia?
Which of the following conditions is associated with hypoglobulinemia?
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What is the normal range for fibrinogen levels in human blood?
What is the normal range for fibrinogen levels in human blood?
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Which factor can cause elevated fibrinogen levels?
Which factor can cause elevated fibrinogen levels?
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What is the recommended storage condition for blood samples intended for enzyme determinations?
What is the recommended storage condition for blood samples intended for enzyme determinations?
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Which of the following conditions can lead to hypoproteinemia?
Which of the following conditions can lead to hypoproteinemia?
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Why is daily fresh blood preferred for enzyme determinations?
Why is daily fresh blood preferred for enzyme determinations?
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Which of the following is true about diagnostic enzymology?
Which of the following is true about diagnostic enzymology?
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Which serum enzyme is primarily increased during an acute myocardial infarction?
Which serum enzyme is primarily increased during an acute myocardial infarction?
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What type of tissue is primarily associated with increased levels of LDH1?
What type of tissue is primarily associated with increased levels of LDH1?
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Which of the following enzymes is NOT classified under transaminases?
Which of the following enzymes is NOT classified under transaminases?
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The subunit composition of LDH5 is characterized by which of the following?
The subunit composition of LDH5 is characterized by which of the following?
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Which enzyme is known to reflect muscle damage more significantly than others?
Which enzyme is known to reflect muscle damage more significantly than others?
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Which of the following enzymes increases significantly in liver diseases?
Which of the following enzymes increases significantly in liver diseases?
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The subunits of Creatine kinase (CK) are categorized into which major types?
The subunits of Creatine kinase (CK) are categorized into which major types?
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Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is primarily composed of which type of subunits?
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is primarily composed of which type of subunits?
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Which enzyme is specific for liver damage?
Which enzyme is specific for liver damage?
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What can cause an increase in Alkaline phosphatase (AP) levels?
What can cause an increase in Alkaline phosphatase (AP) levels?
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In what context do Aspartate transaminase (AST) levels typically increase?
In what context do Aspartate transaminase (AST) levels typically increase?
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Which enzyme level is measured to diagnose poisoning with organic phosphorus compounds?
Which enzyme level is measured to diagnose poisoning with organic phosphorus compounds?
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Which of the following enzymes increases after one day and remains elevated for 5-6 days in the case of acute myocardial infarction?
Which of the following enzymes increases after one day and remains elevated for 5-6 days in the case of acute myocardial infarction?
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Which enzyme is responsible for the metabolism of phenylalanine?
Which enzyme is responsible for the metabolism of phenylalanine?
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What happens to alkaline phosphatase levels after consuming fatty meals?
What happens to alkaline phosphatase levels after consuming fatty meals?
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Which enzyme can increase by 20-50 fold in cases of viral hepatitis?
Which enzyme can increase by 20-50 fold in cases of viral hepatitis?
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Study Notes
Blood Proteins and Their Clinical Importance
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Learning Objectives:
- List blood proteins.
- Explain the difference between plasma and serum.
- Describe the properties of blood collection tubes.
- Relate blood protein levels to clinical tables.
Blood Composition
- Blood is composed of:
- Plasma (about 55%): Water, proteins, electrolytes
- Platelets (0.01%): Involved in blood clotting
- Red blood cells (about 41%): Carry oxygen
- White blood cells (about 4%): Lymphocytes, Basophils, Eosinophils, Monocytes, Neutrophils (Immune response)
Plasma Proteins
- Albumin: Produced by the liver; transport protein for various substances (Ca2+, Na+, K+, bilirubin, fatty acids, hormones, and xenobiotics).
- Globulins: Associated with transport (alpha and beta globulins – lipids and fat soluble vitamins), immune response (complement and gamma globulins – antibodies).
- Fibrinogen: Essential for blood clotting.
- Other proteins: Clotting factors, hormones, enzymes, etc.
Blood Collection Tubes
- Red-top tubes: No additives; for serum collection in chemistry tests.
- Purple/Lavender-top tubes: Contain EDTA; for complete blood count (CBC) and blood typing.
- Green-top tubes: Contain heparin; for plasma collection.
- Blue-top tubes: Contain sodium citrate; for coagulation studies (PT, APTT).
- Yellow-top tubes: Contain clot activator and gel separator; for serum tests and biochemistry.
- Gray-top tubes: Contain fluoride/oxalate; for glucose and lactate testing.
Plasma and Serum
- Plasma: Obtained by centrifuging anticoagulated blood; contains clotting factors. Used for coagulation, blood transfusions and diagnostic tests like antibody and hormone assays.
- Serum: Obtained after blood is allowed to clot and centrifuged; lacks clotting factors. Used for antibody and hormone assays.
Clinical Significance of Blood Proteins
- Hyperproteinemia: More protein in the blood. Can be from dehydration, polyuria or inadequate fluid intake; diabetes, or inflammatory conditions
- Hypoproteinemia: Less protein in the blood. Can be from water intoxication, heart failure, excessive protein loss or protein synthesis problems.
- Plasma protein levels: Normal range is 6-8 g/dL. Used to diagnose diseases.
Clinical Biomarkers (Enzymes)
- Enzymes: Tissue-specific; enzyme presence and activity in the blood often associated with diseases affecting specific organ or tissues.
- Diagnostic Enzymology: Used to assess tissue damage, including heart and lung disease, liver disease, muscle disease, bone disease, pancreatic disease, malignancies, genetic diseases, hematological diseases and poisoning.
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Serum Enzymes:
- Transaminases (AST, ALT)
- Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
- Creatine kinase (CK)
- Alkaline phosphatase (AP)
- Amylase (AMS)
- Lipase (LPS)
Clinical Biomarkers Analysis
- Fresh blood or serum samples are required for accurate analysis.
- Maintaining proper storage temperatures (+4°C), necessary for preventing enzyme inactivation.
- Proper blood collection technique or anticoagulant/no anticoagulant usage is crucial for tests in the lab.
Genetic Disorders Diagnosis
- Genetic disorders such as phenylketonuria, galactosemia, galactose-1-phosphate, uridylyltransferase, glucose homeostasis and glucose 6-phosphatase are diagnosed in the laboratory.
- These disorders involve enzyme deficiencies in the body leading to accumulation of harmful metabolic compounds.
Diagnosis of Poisoning
- Serum cholinesterase tests performed to diagnose poisoning with organic phosphorus compounds.
- Elevated enzymes can be seen in cases of acute myocardial infarction (AMI).
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Description
This quiz covers the essential blood proteins and their significance in clinical settings. Participants will learn to differentiate plasma from serum and understand the properties of blood collection tubes. Additionally, it explores blood composition and the roles of various proteins in health and disease.
