Blood Proteins and Clinical Importance
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Questions and Answers

What type of blood collection tube is used primarily for coagulation studies?

  • Purple/Lavender-top tubes
  • Blue-top tubes (correct)
  • Gray-top tubes
  • Red-top tubes

    • Which component is absent in serum but present in plasma?

  • Albumin
  • Globulins
  • Enzymes
  • Fibrinogen (correct)

    • What is the primary function of albumin in the blood?

  • Immune defense
  • Transport of electrolytes and hormones (correct)
  • Transport of lipids
  • Blood clotting

    • Which type of globulin is primarily involved in immune response?

    <p>Gamma-globulins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood collection tube contains EDTA and is used for complete blood count testing?

    <p>Purple/Lavender-top tubes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is associated with low levels of albumin in the blood?

    <p>Liver disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood collection tube is designed for glucose and lactate testing?

    <p>Gray-top tubes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of globulin is responsible for iron transport in the blood?

    <p>Beta-globulins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is indicated by hyperglobulinemia?

    <p>Chronic inflammation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is associated with hypoglobulinemia?

    <p>Severe liver disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range for fibrinogen levels in human blood?

    <p>200-400 mg/dL (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor can cause elevated fibrinogen levels?

    <p>Pregnancy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended storage condition for blood samples intended for enzyme determinations?

    <p>Centrifuge immediately after clotting (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions can lead to hypoproteinemia?

    <p>Excessive protein loss (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is daily fresh blood preferred for enzyme determinations?

    <p>To ensure accurate results (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about diagnostic enzymology?

    <p>Their appearance in blood indicates tissue damage. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which serum enzyme is primarily increased during an acute myocardial infarction?

    <p>Creatine kinase (CK) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tissue is primarily associated with increased levels of LDH1?

    <p>Heart (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following enzymes is NOT classified under transaminases?

    <p>Amylase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The subunit composition of LDH5 is characterized by which of the following?

    <p>M4 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is known to reflect muscle damage more significantly than others?

    <p>Creatine kinase (CK) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following enzymes increases significantly in liver diseases?

    <p>Transaminases (AST and ALT) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The subunits of Creatine kinase (CK) are categorized into which major types?

    <p>M, B, H (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is primarily composed of which type of subunits?

    <p>H and M (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is specific for liver damage?

    <p>Alanine transaminase (ALT) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause an increase in Alkaline phosphatase (AP) levels?

    <p>Fracture healing in children (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what context do Aspartate transaminase (AST) levels typically increase?

    <p>Acute myocardial infarction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme level is measured to diagnose poisoning with organic phosphorus compounds?

    <p>Serum cholinesterase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following enzymes increases after one day and remains elevated for 5-6 days in the case of acute myocardial infarction?

    <p>Hydroxybutyric dehydrogenase (HBDH) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for the metabolism of phenylalanine?

    <p>Phenylalanine hydroxylase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to alkaline phosphatase levels after consuming fatty meals?

    <p>Intestinal alkaline phosphatase increases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme can increase by 20-50 fold in cases of viral hepatitis?

    <p>Alanine transaminase (ALT) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Blood Proteins and Their Clinical Importance

    • Learning Objectives:
      • List blood proteins.
      • Explain the difference between plasma and serum.
      • Describe the properties of blood collection tubes.
      • Relate blood protein levels to clinical tables.

    Blood Composition

    • Blood is composed of:
      • Plasma (about 55%): Water, proteins, electrolytes
      • Platelets (0.01%): Involved in blood clotting
      • Red blood cells (about 41%): Carry oxygen
      • White blood cells (about 4%): Lymphocytes, Basophils, Eosinophils, Monocytes, Neutrophils (Immune response)

    Plasma Proteins

    • Albumin: Produced by the liver; transport protein for various substances (Ca2+, Na+, K+, bilirubin, fatty acids, hormones, and xenobiotics).
    • Globulins: Associated with transport (alpha and beta globulins – lipids and fat soluble vitamins), immune response (complement and gamma globulins – antibodies).
    • Fibrinogen: Essential for blood clotting.
    • Other proteins: Clotting factors, hormones, enzymes, etc.

    Blood Collection Tubes

    • Red-top tubes: No additives; for serum collection in chemistry tests.
    • Purple/Lavender-top tubes: Contain EDTA; for complete blood count (CBC) and blood typing.
    • Green-top tubes: Contain heparin; for plasma collection.
    • Blue-top tubes: Contain sodium citrate; for coagulation studies (PT, APTT).
    • Yellow-top tubes: Contain clot activator and gel separator; for serum tests and biochemistry.
    • Gray-top tubes: Contain fluoride/oxalate; for glucose and lactate testing.

    Plasma and Serum

    • Plasma: Obtained by centrifuging anticoagulated blood; contains clotting factors. Used for coagulation, blood transfusions and diagnostic tests like antibody and hormone assays.
    • Serum: Obtained after blood is allowed to clot and centrifuged; lacks clotting factors. Used for antibody and hormone assays.

    Clinical Significance of Blood Proteins

    • Hyperproteinemia: More protein in the blood. Can be from dehydration, polyuria or inadequate fluid intake; diabetes, or inflammatory conditions
    • Hypoproteinemia: Less protein in the blood. Can be from water intoxication, heart failure, excessive protein loss or protein synthesis problems.
    • Plasma protein levels: Normal range is 6-8 g/dL. Used to diagnose diseases.

    Clinical Biomarkers (Enzymes)

    • Enzymes: Tissue-specific; enzyme presence and activity in the blood often associated with diseases affecting specific organ or tissues.
    • Diagnostic Enzymology: Used to assess tissue damage, including heart and lung disease, liver disease, muscle disease, bone disease, pancreatic disease, malignancies, genetic diseases, hematological diseases and poisoning.
    • Serum Enzymes:
      • Transaminases (AST, ALT)
      • Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
      • Creatine kinase (CK)
      • Alkaline phosphatase (AP)
      • Amylase (AMS)
      • Lipase (LPS)

    Clinical Biomarkers Analysis

    • Fresh blood or serum samples are required for accurate analysis.
    • Maintaining proper storage temperatures (+4°C), necessary for preventing enzyme inactivation.
    • Proper blood collection technique or anticoagulant/no anticoagulant usage is crucial for tests in the lab.

    Genetic Disorders Diagnosis

    • Genetic disorders such as phenylketonuria, galactosemia, galactose-1-phosphate, uridylyltransferase, glucose homeostasis and glucose 6-phosphatase are diagnosed in the laboratory.
    • These disorders involve enzyme deficiencies in the body leading to accumulation of harmful metabolic compounds.

    Diagnosis of Poisoning

    • Serum cholinesterase tests performed to diagnose poisoning with organic phosphorus compounds.
    • Elevated enzymes can be seen in cases of acute myocardial infarction (AMI).

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    Blood Proteins and Their Clinical Importance PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the essential blood proteins and their significance in clinical settings. Participants will learn to differentiate plasma from serum and understand the properties of blood collection tubes. Additionally, it explores blood composition and the roles of various proteins in health and disease.

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