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Blood Groups and Leukocytes Overview
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Blood Groups and Leukocytes Overview

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@LuminousGadolinium

Questions and Answers

Identify the incorrect statement regarding blood groups other than ABO and Rh.

  • They are less well known than the ABO and Rh groups.
  • They only affect certain blood types.
  • They rarely cause transfusion reactions.
  • They frequently cause transfusion reactions. (correct)

    • Leukocytes spend only a few hours in the bloodstream, then migrate through the walls of the capillaries.

    True

    In healthy blood vessels, platelets do not adhere because the smooth endothelium is coated with ______________.

    prostacyclin

    In addition to the ABO and Rh groups, there are at least 100 other known blood groups, but they rarely cause transfusion reactions.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After tissue repair is completed, factor XII catalyzes the formation of a plasma enzyme called kallikrein, that in turn converts an inactive plasminogen into _________.

    <p>plasmin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Viscosity and osmolarity will both increase if the amount of ____________ in the blood increases.

    <p>erythrocytes and protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit are interchangeable terms used to describe the percentage of whole blood composed of RBC.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the components of the circulatory system?

    <p>Heart, blood vessels, and blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of platelets?

    <p>They inhibit procoagulants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blood formation in the bone marrow and lymphatic organs is called, respectively, lymphoid and myeloid hemopoiesis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Choose the correct statement regarding the function of platelets.

    <p>They secrete procoagulants, or clotting factors, which promote blood clotting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cessation of bleeding is specifically called __________.

    <p>hemostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blood clots in the limbs put a patient most at risk for __________.

    <p>pulmonary embolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most important components in the cytoplasm of RBCs are hemoglobin and carbonic anhydrase.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After a wound is sealed, tissue repair is followed by fibrinolysis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The number of __________ typically increases in response to bacterial infections.

    <p>neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Clotting deficiency can result from thrombocytopenia or hemophilia.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lymphoid hemopoiesis occurs mainly in the bone marrow.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Some lymphocytes can survive as long as __________.

    <p>decades</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient is diagnosed with leukocytosis if they have more than __________ WBCs/μL.

    <p>10,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not true regarding sickle-cell disease?

    <p>It is a cause of malaria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main reason why an individual with type AB, Rh-negative blood cannot donate blood to an individual with type A, Rh-positive blood is because __________.

    <p>anti-B antibodies in the recipient will agglutinate RBCs of the donor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Oxygen and carbon dioxide bind to different parts of hemoglobin.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Serum is essentially identical to plasma except for the absence of __________.

    <p>fibrinogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lymphocytes secrete antibodies, coordinate action of other immune cells, and serve in immune memory.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a function of blood?

    <p>Produces plasma hormones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The structural framework of a blood clot is formed by __________.

    <p>a fibrin polymer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not contained in the buffy coat?

    <p>Erythrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these does not prevent the spontaneous formation of a clot?

    <p>The presence of tissue thromboplastin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of thromboplastin in hemostasis?

    <p>It initiates the extrinsic pathway of coagulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is most likely to cause anemia?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rh incompatibility between a sensitized Rh+ woman and an Rh- fetus can cause hemolytic disease of the newborn.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells aid in the body's defense processes by secreting histamine and heparin?

    <p>Basophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Erythrocytes transport oxygen and ________.

    <p>transport some carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hemostasis is the production of formed elements of blood.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where in the body are hemopoietic stem cells found?

    <p>Red bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient is suffering from ketoacidosis caused by an unregulated high protein diet. Which function of the blood has been compromised?

    <p>Stabilizing the body's pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are pregnant Rh- women given an injection of Rh immune globulin?

    <p>Antibodies in the injection bind fetal RBC antigens so they cannot stimulate her immune system to produce anti-D antibodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An individual has type B, Rh-positive blood. The individual has __________ antigen(s) and can produce anti-__________ antibodies.

    <p>B and D; A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Leukopoiesis begins with the differentiation of __________.

    <p>pluripotent stem cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A deficiency of __________ can cause pernicious anemia.

    <p>vitamin B12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the least abundant of the formed elements?

    <p>Basophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following would not lead to polycythemia?

    <p>Iron deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the most abundant agranulocytes?

    <p>Lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The viscosity of blood is due more to the presence of __________ than to any other factor.

    <p>erythrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do most RBCs die?

    <p>Spleen and liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most oxygen is transported in the blood bound to _________.

    <p>heme groups in hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A normal hematocrit is __________ of the total blood volume.

    <p>37% to 52%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Correction of hypoxemia is regulated by _________.

    <p>a negative feedback loop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are most clotting factors synthesized in the body?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not true of a patient with anemia?

    <p>Their blood viscosity is increased.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Monocytes differentiate into large phagocytic cells.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final product of the breakdown of the organic nonprotein moiety of hemoglobin?

    <p>Bilirubin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Blood Groups and Transfusion Reactions

    • Blood groups beyond ABO and Rh typically do not cause transfusion reactions.
    • Over 100 known blood groups exist, but transfusion reactions are rare.

    Leukocytes and Immune Response

    • Leukocytes spend limited time in bloodstream; quickly migrate through capillary walls.
    • Neutrophils increase in response to bacterial infections.
    • Monocytes differentiate into large phagocytic cells for immune defense.

    Platelets and Hemostasis

    • Platelets do not adhere to healthy blood vessels due to a smooth endothelium coated with prostacyclin.
    • Functions of platelets include secreting procoagulants to promote blood clotting.
    • Cessation of bleeding is termed hemostasis.

    Clotting Mechanisms

    • Factor XII leads to the formation of kallikrein, converting plasminogen to plasmin, which breaks down clots.
    • Fibrin polymer forms the structural framework of a blood clot.
    • Thromboplastin initiates the extrinsic pathway of coagulation.

    Components and Functions of Blood

    • Components include heart, blood vessels, and blood.
    • Blood transports oxygen bound to heme groups in hemoglobin and some carbon dioxide.
    • Serum is plasma without fibrinogen.

    Erythrocyte Characteristics

    • Hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit are not interchangeable; hematocrit refers specifically to RBC percentage.
    • RBCs primarily die in the spleen and liver.
    • A normal hematocrit ranges from 37% to 52%.

    Hematopoiesis and Blood Formation

    • Blood formation in bone marrow and lymphatic organs is termed hemopoiesis.
    • Hemopoietic stem cells reside in red bone marrow.
    • Blood viscosity is mainly attributed to erythrocyte presence.

    Blood Disorders and Conditions

    • Sickle-cell disease is incorrectly identified as a malaria cause; it is a genetic condition affecting hemoglobin.
    • Anemia can arise from various causes, including renal disease and vitamin B12 deficiency.
    • Patients with anemia often experience decreased blood viscosity.

    Pregnancy and Blood Compatibility

    • Rh incompatibility between sensitized Rh+ mothers and Rh- fetuses can lead to hemolytic disease of the newborn.
    • Pregnant Rh- women receive Rh immune globulin to prevent anti-D antibody production.

    Other Blood Elements

    • Basophils secrete histamine and heparin, aiding defense processes.
    • Lymphocytes play roles in antibody secretion and immune memory.

    Blood Composition and Health Regulation

    • Erythrocytes and plasma protein levels affect blood viscosity and osmolarity.
    • Correction of hypoxemia is maintained through a negative feedback loop.
    • Most clotting factors are synthesized in the liver.

    General Blood Facts

    • Lymphocytes are the most abundant agranulocytes.
    • Basophils are the least abundant formed elements.
    • Blood does not produce plasma hormones; that function is not attributed to blood.

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    Description

    This quiz covers essential concepts about blood groups beyond ABO and Rh, as well as key facts about leukocytes and their behavior in the bloodstream. Test your knowledge on these important components of the human circulatory system. Suitable for students studying human biology or medical sciences.

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