blood groups and antigens and antibodies

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Questions and Answers

What is the name of the protein produced by the immune system in response to antigens?

Antibody (correct)

Enzyme

Receptor

Hormone

In the ABO blood group system, how many sugar antigens are involved?

Three

One

Two (correct)

Four

Which blood group has both antigen A and antigen B on the surface of red blood cells?

Group B

Group O

Group A

Group AB (correct)

How are a person's ABO blood group and the body's ability to make antigens determined?

By their DNA Signup and view all the answers

Which blood group corresponds to having neither antigen A nor antigen B?

Group O Signup and view all the answers

What happens when an antigen and its antibody combine?

A complex is formed Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of capillaries in the circulatory system?

facilitating the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between the blood and the surrounding tissues Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of 'cardiac output'?

The amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of the cardiac cycle does the atrium contract?

Atrial contraction Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between vasodilation and vasoconstriction?

Vasodilation is the widening of blood vessels, while vasoconstriction is the narrowing of blood vessels Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of the papillary muscles in the heart?

They prevent the mitral and tricuspid valves from inverting during ventricular contraction Signup and view all the answers

Why does the pulmonary artery carry deoxygenated blood, while other arteries carry oxygenated blood?

The pulmonary artery carries blood from the right ventricle to the lungs, where it picks up oxygen Signup and view all the answers

Why do mitral valve regurgitation patients often experience an enlarged left atrium and shortness of breath during exercise?

The enlarged left atrium is a result of the heart working harder to pump blood, and the shortness of breath is a result of the body's inability to deliver enough oxygen to the tissues Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following blood products is obtained by freezing plasma and thawing it slowly?

Cryoprecipitate Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of administering immunoglobulins to patients?

To treat patients deficient in antibodies Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of an autologous transfusion?

It eliminates the risk of disease transmission and side effects Signup and view all the answers

Which blood product is typically used to treat patients with liver disease?

Plasma Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about platelet concentrates is true?

They are given to patients with abnormal or reduced platelets Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of administering tetanus immunoglobulin?

To treat tetanus Signup and view all the answers

When is an autologous transfusion typically used?

For elective surgery Signup and view all the answers

What do the antigens on the red blood cells determine?

The blood group of the individual Signup and view all the answers

Why is it necessary to match the blood groups of the donor and recipient during transfusions?

To prevent rejection by the recipient's immune system Signup and view all the answers

What can happen if incompatible blood types are mixed during a transfusion?

Agglutination of erythrocytes Signup and view all the answers

Why is it essential for the blood group of the donor and recipient to be the same during a transfusion?

To prevent aggregation of foreign and recipient cells Signup and view all the answers

Which component of blood may not require matching of blood groups during transfusion?

Clotting factors Signup and view all the answers

What happens if the receiver's blood contains antibodies against the antigens on the donor's red cells?

Clumping and disintegration of red cells Signup and view all the answers

When are ABO blood groups always matched between the donor and receiver?

When giving red cell transfusions Signup and view all the answers

What is the antibody that reacts against antigen B called?

Anti-B Signup and view all the answers

Why can't a group AB person produce either antibody according to the text?

They possess both antigens on their red blood cells. Signup and view all the answers

What was the basis of the ABO blood group system according to the text?

Sugars Signup and view all the answers

Why is a person with Rh antigens classified as Rh positive?

They have the Rh antigens on their red blood cells. Signup and view all the answers

Which blood group can produce both anti-A and anti-B antibodies according to the text?

O Signup and view all the answers

Why did Landsteiner use rhesus monkeys' blood in his initial investigations of the Rhesus blood group system?

Rhesus monkeys have similar blood to humans. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Immune Response and Blood Groups

Proteins produced by the immune system in response to antigens are called antibodies.
The ABO blood group system involves four sugar antigens: A, B, AB, and O.
Blood group AB has both antigen A and antigen B on the surface of red blood cells.
A person's ABO blood group and ability to produce antigens are determined by genetic inheritance from parents.
Blood group O corresponds to having neither antigen A nor antigen B.

Antigen-Antibody Interaction

When an antigen and its corresponding antibody combine, they form a complex that can lead to neutralization or destruction of the pathogen.

Circulatory System Functions

Capillaries are small blood vessels that facilitate the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between blood and tissues.
Cardiac output is defined as the amount of blood the heart pumps in one minute, calculated as heart rate multiplied by stroke volume.
During the cardiac cycle, the atrium contracts during the atrial systole phase.

Vascular Response and Heart Structure

Vasodilation refers to the widening of blood vessels, increasing blood flow, while vasoconstriction refers to the narrowing of blood vessels, reducing blood flow.
Papillary muscles help stabilize the heart valves during contraction, preventing backflow of blood.

Blood Flow and Conditions

The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation, unlike other arteries which typically carry oxygenated blood.
Patients with mitral valve regurgitation may experience an enlarged left atrium and shortness of breath due to increased pressure and volume overload.

Blood Products and Transfusions

The blood product obtained by freezing plasma and thawing it slowly is known as cryoprecipitate.
The primary purpose of administering immunoglobulins is to provide passive immunity by supplying antibodies.
An autologous transfusion is beneficial as it reduces the risk of transfusion reactions since the blood is sourced from the patient themselves.
Fresh frozen plasma is typically used to treat patients with liver disease.

Platelet Concentrates and Immunization

Platelet concentrates are essential for patients with low platelet counts, generally derived from whole blood donation or apheresis.
The administration of tetanus immunoglobulin is aimed at offering immediate protection against tetanus toxin.

Blood Group Compatibility

ABO blood groups are always matched between donor and recipient to prevent immune reactions.
If incompatible blood types are mixed during a transfusion, serious immune reactions can occur, potentially leading to hemolytic transfusion reactions.
It is critical that the blood group of the donor and recipient align to avoid complications during transfusions.
Red blood cell (RBC) transfusions usually require matching of blood groups, while plasma transfusions may not.

Antibody Reactions and Blood Group Inheritance

If the recipient's blood contains antibodies against the antigens on the donor's red cells, agglutination and hemolysis can occur, leading to severe complications.
ABO blood groups are always matched in emergency situations and planned transfusions for safety.
The antibody that reacts against antigen B is called anti-B antibody.
A person with group AB blood cannot produce either anti-A or anti-B antibody due to the presence of both antigens without corresponding antibodies.
The basis of the ABO blood group system relies on the presence or absence of specific antigens on the surface of red blood cells.
A person with Rh antigens is classified as Rh positive due to the presence of the D antigen.
Individuals with blood group O can produce both anti-A and anti-B antibodies.
Landsteiner used rhesus monkeys' blood to establish the Rhesus blood group system due to similarities with human blood group antigens.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the circulatory system with this quiz covering the structures and functions of blood flow, capillaries, and cardiac output. Questions are based on Chapter 5 of a textbook. See how well you understand the order of blood flow, the function of capillaries, and the concept of cardiac output.