Podcast
Questions and Answers
What condition may potentially result from the mother's anti-Rh antibodies crossing the placenta to the fetus?
What condition may potentially result from the mother's anti-Rh antibodies crossing the placenta to the fetus?
Which intervention is crucial for preventing the development of anti-Rh antibodies in Rh-negative pregnant women?
Which intervention is crucial for preventing the development of anti-Rh antibodies in Rh-negative pregnant women?
What is a primary reason for conducting blood group determination before marriage and during pregnancy?
What is a primary reason for conducting blood group determination before marriage and during pregnancy?
What is the primary concern regarding the storage of transfused blood?
What is the primary concern regarding the storage of transfused blood?
Signup and view all the answers
In which scenario is blood transfusion particularly essential?
In which scenario is blood transfusion particularly essential?
Signup and view all the answers
Which blood group is considered the universal recipient?
Which blood group is considered the universal recipient?
Signup and view all the answers
What occurs when a Rh-negative person receives Rh-positive blood for the first time?
What occurs when a Rh-negative person receives Rh-positive blood for the first time?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary reason blood group O is known as the universal donor?
What is the primary reason blood group O is known as the universal donor?
Signup and view all the answers
Which statement about the Rh factor is correct?
Which statement about the Rh factor is correct?
Signup and view all the answers
Why does agglutination of RBCs occur during a blood transfusion?
Why does agglutination of RBCs occur during a blood transfusion?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Blood Groups
- Blood groups are classified into four major types: A, B, AB, and O.
- This classification is based on the antigens present on red blood cell membranes.
- Red blood cells contain antigens called agglutinogens.
- Plasma contains specific antibodies called agglutinins.
- Agglutinins are gamma globulins.
- Typically, a person's blood does not contain an agglutinogen and its corresponding agglutinin to prevent agglutination.
- Example, if blood type is 'A', then the blood does not contain 'anti-A'.
Blood Groups: Specifics
- Blood group A (40% of population): Contains antigen A, plasma contains anti-B.
- Blood group B (10% of population): Contains antigen B, plasma contains anti-A.
- Blood group AB (5% of population): Contains both antigens A and B, plasma contains no antibodies (universal recipient).
- Blood group O (45% of population): Contains no antigens, plasma contains both anti-A and anti-B (universal donor).
Agglutination
- Agglutination of red blood cells (RBCs) occurs when the agglutinogen of the donor's blood reacts with the agglutinins of the recipient's blood.
- This reaction is caused by blood from a donor mixing with blood of a recipient.
- Group O blood contains no agglutinogens, so no agglutination occurs when given to others.
- Group AB blood contains no agglutinins, so no agglutination occurs when given to others.
Rh Factor
- Rh factor is an agglutinogen discovered in Rhesus monkeys' red blood cells.
- 85% of people have the Rh factor (Rh+ve), while 15% do not (Rh-ve).
- Rh-ve individuals usually do not have anti-Rh antibodies initially.
- Anti-Rh antibodies are formed in Rh-ve individuals only by two main mechanisms:
- Blood transfusion from Rh+ve to Rh-ve individuals
- Pregnancy of an Rh-ve female by an Rh+ve baby
Importance of Rh Factor
- In blood transfusion, if an Rh-ve person receives Rh+ve blood, anti-Rh antibodies develop in the plasma, leading to complications in subsequent transfusions.
- In pregnancies, if an Rh-ve mother carries an Rh+ve baby, fetal hemolysis might occur due to the mother developing anti-Rh antibodies. This can cause serious complications for the fetus, known as erythroblastosis fetalis.
Prevention and Treatment of Erythroblastosis Fetalis
- Prevention involves preventing an Rh-ve female from receiving Rh+ve blood (or marrying an Rh+ve male as much as possible), and administering Rh immunoglobulin (anti-D antibodies) within 48 hours of exposure to Rh+ve blood to neutralize maternal antigens.
- Treatment may involve repeated exchange blood transfusions in the newborn to remove the affected maternal blood and replace it with Rh-ve blood.
Clinical Significance
- Knowing blood type is important for:
- Blood transfusions to avoid incompatibility.
- Before marriage and during pregnancy to avoid erythroblastosis fetalis.
- In cases of disputed paternity.
Blood Transfusion: Indications
- Decreased blood volume (e.g., hemorrhage).
- Severe anemia (hemoglobin levels below 40%).
- Hemorrhagic diseases (like hemophilia).
- Erythroblastosis fetalis.
- To supply white blood cells (leukocytes).
- To supply plasma proteins.
Precautions Before Blood Transfusion
- Blood should come from healthy donors.
- Blood should be freshly stored or recently stored (21 days max, kept at 4°C).
- Blood hemoglobin should be above 90%.
- ABO and Rh factor compatibility must be tested.
- Blood should be free from diseases such as malaria, syphilis, viral hepatitis, and AIDS.
Dangers of Blood Transfusion
- Incompatibility leading to agglutination, blocking capillaries, and causing ischemia or paralysis.
- Hemolytic jaundice and renal failure due to hemoglobin precipitation and renal tubule blockage.
- Release of toxic substances leading to vasoconstriction.
- Hypotension due to histamine liberation.
- Hyperkalemia.
- Tetany (due to low calcium level).
- Transfusion of excess blood leading to heart failure.
- Allergies.
- Transmission of diseases
Blood Typing Methods
- Sterilize the area to be pricked.
- Obtain blood sample.
- Apply anti-A, anti-B, and anti-D to different drops of the sample.
- Observe for agglutination (clumping) within one minute.
Results and Possibilities of Blood Typing
- Agglutination with anti-A serum = Type A blood
- Agglutination with anti-B serum = Type B blood
- Agglutination with anti-A and anti-B serum = Type AB blood
- No agglutination with any serum= Type O blood
- Agglutination with anti-D serum = Rh+ve blood
- No agglutination with anti-D serum = Rh-ve blood
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Explore the fascinating world of blood groups, including their classifications, antigens, and antibodies. This quiz covers the major blood types (A, B, AB, O) and their specific characteristics. Test your knowledge about how blood group compatibility works and the significance of agglutination in transfusions.
