Blood Grouping and Cross Matching in Medical Physiology
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Questions and Answers

What is the role of antigens in blood transfusion reactions?

  • Causing agglutination of red blood cells (correct)
  • Stimulating the production of new blood cells
  • Producing antibodies
  • Preventing immune responses

    • Which combination of genes leads to the absence of significant agglutinogen on red blood cells?

  • OO (correct)
  • BB
  • AA
  • OB

    • What determines the O-A-B blood type?

  • The individual's dietary habits
  • Two genes on two paired chromosomes (correct)
  • The presence of antigens on white blood cells
  • Two genes on a single chromosome

    • What are the type A and type B antigens also called due to their tendency to cause blood cell agglutination?

    <p>Agglutinogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of an antigen in the immune system?

    <p>Stimulating an immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do blood transfusions from one person to another often lead to agglutination and hemolysis of red blood cells?

    <p>Caused by the incompatibility of blood types between donor and recipient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the antigen binding sites on the Y-shaped arms of antibodies?

    <p>To bind to a specific portion of the antigen’s surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes agglutination in transfusion reactions?

    <p>Attachment of agglutinins to the red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when agglutinated cells release hemoglobin into the plasma?

    <p>Hemolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of acute hemolysis in some transfusion reactions?

    <p>Activation of the complement system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does acute kidney shutdown occur after transfusion reactions?

    <p>Release of toxic substances from hemolyzing blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of antigen is considerably more antigenic than the other Rh antigens?

    <p>Type D antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Erythroblastosis Fetalis also known as?

    <p>Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when an Rh-negative mother has her first Rh-positive child?

    <p><a href="./">Anti-Rh antibodies form in the mother slowly through placental membrane into the fetus’s blood</a></p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step follows after adding a drop from each type of anti-sera (anti A, anti B and anti D) in blood typing?

    <p>Mixing the blood and anti-serum in each compartment well using wooden sticks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the six common types of Rh antigens collectively known as?

    <p>Rh factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is erythroblastosis fetalis characterized by?

    <p>Agglutination and phagocytosis of newborn's red blood cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes agglutination in erythroblastosis fetalis?

    <p>Anti-Rh antibodies formed in the mother diffusing into fetus’s blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The type O gene causes strong agglutinogens on the red blood cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Each person can have one of the six genotypes: OO, OA, OB, AA, BB, and AB.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Erythroblastosis fetalis is characterized by agglutination and hemolysis of the red blood cells.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The antigens on the surfaces of red blood cells cause most blood transfusion reactions.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antigens may be proteins, polysaccharides, or lipids capable of stimulating an immune response.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The six common types of Rh antigens are collectively known as the genotypes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antibodies are produced by the digestive system in response to exposure to antigens.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Agglutinins are produced by the liver and spleen cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Agglutination is the process of red blood cells clumping together.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acute kidney shutdown after transfusion reactions is caused only by the physical distortion of the red blood cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Immediate intravascular hemolysis is more common than agglutination in transfusion reactions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Erythroblastosis Fetalis is also known as 'Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn'.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There are 4 common types of Rh antigens, each of which is called an Rh factor.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anyone who has the type D antigen is said to be Rh negative.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acute Hemolysis occurs in all transfusion reactions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Agglutination of the fetus’s blood cells occurs in the mother's body during Erythroblastosis Fetalis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Agglutination tests involve adding a drop of blood on each compartment of a slide.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Rh type D antigen is considerably less antigenic than the other Rh antigens.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two antigens that occur on the surfaces of red blood cells in a large proportion of human beings?

    <p>Type A and type B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three types of genes that determine the O-A-B blood type?

    <p>Type O, type A, or type B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the molecule capable of stimulating an immune response called?

    <p>Antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes most blood transfusion reactions?

    <p>Antigens (agglutinogens) on the surfaces of red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two genes, one on each of two paired chromosomes, that determine the O-A-B blood type?

    <p>Type O, type A, or type B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the six possible combinations of genes known as?

    <p>Genotypes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the antibodies known as when type B agglutinogen is not present in the red blood cells?

    <p>anti-B agglutinins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process occurs when the recipient’s serum contains antibodies directed against antigens found on the donor’s RBCs?

    <p>Agglutination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the type D antigen in the Rh system?

    <p>It determines whether a person is Rh positive or Rh negative.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of acute kidney shutdown after transfusion reactions?

    <ol> <li>The antigen-antibody reaction releases toxic substances from the hemolyzing blood that cause powerful renal vasoconstriction. 2. Loss of circulating RBCs in the recipient, along with production of toxic substances, causes circulatory shock. 3. Hemoglobin precipitates and blocks many of the kidney tubules.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the 6 common types of Rh antigens collectively known as?

    <p>Rh factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the procedure for blood typing according to the ABO system?

    <ol> <li>Divide the slide into three compartments and label them as A, B, and D. 2. Add a drop from each type of anti-sera (anti A, anti B, and anti D). 3. Put a drop of blood on each compartment of the slide. 4. Mix the blood and the anti-serum in each compartment well using the wooden sticks. Then rock the slide for a few minutes. 5. Check whether agglutination has occurred or not.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Erythroblastosis Fetalis characterized by?

    <p>Agglutination and phagocytosis of the fetus’s red blood cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when an Rh-negative mother has her first Rh-positive child?

    <p>She usually does not develop sufficient anti-Rh agglutinins to cause any harm to the first child.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of an antigen in the immune system?

    <p>To stimulate an immune response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the O-A-B blood type?

    <p>The antigens on the surfaces of red blood cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the antigen binding sites on the Y-shaped arms of antibodies?

    <p>They bind to a specific portion of the antigen’s surface, helping to eliminate antigens from the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the blood groups according to the ABO system?

    <p>O, A, B, and AB</p> Signup and view all the answers

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