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Questions and Answers
What is the main consequence of immediate hemolysis during a transfusion reaction?
What is the main consequence of immediate hemolysis during a transfusion reaction?
Which blood type is known as the universal donor?
Which blood type is known as the universal donor?
What is required for delayed hemolysis to occur?
What is required for delayed hemolysis to occur?
Which complication occurs as a result of repeated blood transfusions?
Which complication occurs as a result of repeated blood transfusions?
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What process is performed to avoid a potential mismatched blood transfusion?
What process is performed to avoid a potential mismatched blood transfusion?
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What is the primary blood group system that is tested in blood banks?
What is the primary blood group system that is tested in blood banks?
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Which blood type is characterized by the presence of both antigen A and antigen B?
Which blood type is characterized by the presence of both antigen A and antigen B?
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What type of antibody is typically produced in response to exposure to foreign blood antigens in the ABO system?
What type of antibody is typically produced in response to exposure to foreign blood antigens in the ABO system?
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What percentage of the population in Sri Lanka is estimated to have blood type O?
What percentage of the population in Sri Lanka is estimated to have blood type O?
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In the Rh blood group system, what does a person with Rh positive blood have?
In the Rh blood group system, what does a person with Rh positive blood have?
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What occurs when a Rh negative person is exposed to Rh positive blood for the first time?
What occurs when a Rh negative person is exposed to Rh positive blood for the first time?
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What term describes the process of developing antibodies against Rh antigens after a transfusion?
What term describes the process of developing antibodies against Rh antigens after a transfusion?
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Which complication arises from transfusion incompatibility?
Which complication arises from transfusion incompatibility?
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Study Notes
Blood Grouping Overview
- Red blood cell membranes contain blood group antigens, known as agglutinogens, with over 30 common types and many rare ones.
- The main blood grouping systems include ABO and Rh, with additional but less critical systems like MNSs, Lutheran, Kell, and Kidd.
ABO Blood Group System
- Four major blood groups:
- A (antigen A)
- B (antigen B)
- AB (antigen A and B)
- O (no antigen)
- Blood group antigens are also found in other tissues such as kidneys, liver, and lungs.
- Agglutinins (antibodies) develop post-birth due to gut bacteria and food, starting from 2 to 8 months and peak around 8 to 10 years.
- Individuals do not develop antibodies against their own antigens, utilizing IgM and IgG immunoglobulins.
Inheritance of ABO System
- ABO blood types are inherited as Mendelian allelomorphs with two genes on paired chromosomes.
- Prevalence rates in the population:
- O: 47%
- A: 41%
- B: 9%
- AB: 3%
Rh Blood Group System
- The Rh factor is named after the Rhesus monkey, existing only in red blood cells.
- The most significant antigen is D; presence of D indicates Rh positive status, found in 85% of Caucasians and 99% of Asians.
- Rh negative individuals can develop anti-D antibodies upon exposure, requiring sensitization through transfusion or fetal blood transfer.
Transfusion Reactions
- Reactions occur when cells from donor blood react with recipient antibodies.
- Incompatibility leads to clumping (agglutination) of cells.
- Antibodies (IgG and IgM) bind to multiple antigens, potentially blocking small blood vessels and causing cell destruction by macrophages.
- Immediate hemolysis is less common compared to delayed hemolysis, which can develop antibodies days to weeks later.
- Complications may include:
- Hemolytic reactions (immediate and delayed)
- Anaphylactic reactions (allergic response)
- Hypothermia from cold storage
- Hyperkalemia due to elevated potassium levels during storage
- Transfusion-related acute lung injury (immunological damage)
- Hemochromatosis (iron overload from repeated transfusions)
- Clotting abnormalities following massive transfusion
- Bloodborne infections (e.g., HIV, Hepatitis B, malaria)
Blood Typing
- Before transfusions, determining the blood type of both donor and recipient is crucial.
- The blood typing process involves separating and diluting red blood cells, then mixing them with anti-A and anti-B agglutinins to observe for agglutination under a microscope.
Blood Cross-Matching
- Directly assesses compatibility between recipient and donor blood, reducing the risk of mismatching due to differing blood groups.
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of blood group systems in this quiz, focusing on the ABO and Rh systems. Learn about blood group antigens, inheritance patterns, and the significance of blood types in the human population. Test your knowledge and discover how these systems impact transfusions and genetics.
