1060 Unit 2

<p>In the UNIT OBJECTIVES found only in your Textbook! (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A, B, H (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p><em>lele, sese, A/B/H</em> (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Generally IgM (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Weaker than normal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>22% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They deteriorate rapidly during storage. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A fetus has the antigen at 12 weeks, but weakens as the fetus develops. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IgM, cold-reactive, saline agglutinin. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Provide units that are crossmatch compatible at 37°C and Coombs phase regardless of P1 status. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pigeon and turtledove droppings. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IgG (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>At birth, red cells are rich in i with I almost undetectable; during the first 18 months of life i decreases until adult proportions of I are reached. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kidd (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>I and i are high-frequency antigens present in almost all individuals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Duffy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>I (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rh (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rh (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antigens produced by alleles at a single gene locus or closely linked loci with rare crossing over. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They alter the expression of antigens. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Underlined or italicized. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lewis system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A glycosyltransferase (L-fucosyltransferase). (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type 1 chain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lea substance regardless of secretor status (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Le and Se genes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interaction between Le(FUT3) and Se(FUT2) genes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Specific point mutations in the Le gene (lele genotype). (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Duffy antigens deteriorate during storage, and inhibitory substances weaken antibody reactivity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Duffy antigens Fya and Fyb are necessary for <em>Plasmodium vivax</em> to invade red blood cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kidd antibodies show dosage effects but often appear weak and can decline rapidly in titer. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Lutheran system includes antigens with high and very low frequencies, which generally do not cause many blood bank problems. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anti-Lua is often naturally occurring, causing saline agglutination at room temperature. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anti-Fyb occurs less frequently than anti-Fya and is often found in combination with other antibodies. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dia is rare in most populations but shows polymorphism in people of Mongoloid ancestry. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They lack Lutheran antigens and do not suppress other antigens. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are destroyed by ficin and papain. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They commonly cause delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions, which can be severe, and are implicated in HDFN. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To promote antigen-antibody binding, decreasing incubation time and increasing sensitivity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To remove excess serum components that could inhibit agglutination. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To confirm that the AHG reagent is active and the test system is working properly by causing agglutination. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By increasing the rate at which antibodies bind to RBC antigens. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monospecific reagents reduce interference from naturally occurring cold agglutinins and address controversy about the clinical significance of complement-binding antibodies. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The presence of an autoantibody, which may mask an alloantibody (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reactivity of the patient's serum with an RBC sample carrying the corresponding antigen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IS, 37°C, and/or AHG phases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Only a single alloantibody is present (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Three antigen-positive cells should react with the serum and three antigen-negative cells should not react (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To detect unexpected antibodies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antibodies arising from exposure to non-self antigens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They should be phenotyped for significant RBC antigens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They lack both anti-A and anti-B antibodies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anti-Jka and anti-Jkb (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Patient has a positive DAT or free auto antibody. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transfusion with incompatible blood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Centrifuge and check for agglutination. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>No antibodies will be detected (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The specificity of antibodies in a serum sample. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It suggests there may be both auto and alloantibodies. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Not all antibodies have recognized and consistent testing methods (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are designed to detect significant RBC antibodies only. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>At any phase of the antibody screening tests. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eat (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reagent red blood cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clerical error leading to transfusion deaths (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Patient's first and last name and Hospital number (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Preventing all alloimmunization to red blood cell antigens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Identification of the patient and donor and collection of appropriate samples for testing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Helpful information can aid in the testing and selection process (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clerical errors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Patient re-identification (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transfusion benefits (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Review the patient's and donor's ABO grouping. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The patient has a low incident antibody. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autoantibody in the patient’s serum. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Comparing the requisition form with the patient's identification. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Use of expired reagents. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attach some form of positive identification to the patient. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hemolysis can mask activation of complement by antigen/antibody complexes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>O negative units. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plasma products. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Any maternal antibodies reactive at 37°C or AHG that have entered the infant’s circulation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Small fibrin clots in plasma can be difficult to distinguish from agglutination. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It must be compatible with maternal antibodies capable of crossing the placenta. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>At the patient's bedside. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Patient’s full name, hospital ID number, date of sample collection, and phlebotomist's initials. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stoppered and kept at 1 to 6°C. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A negative reaction, often read microscopically. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Immediate Spin Crossmatch (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can cause a false negative reaction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To ensure the contents can be identified at any stage of the process. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alerts the technologist to investigate and resolve the discrepancy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Patients undergoing surgical procedures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mixing patient's serum and donor cells and centrifuge immediately (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low incident antibody in donor will probably not cause a transfusion reaction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Each vial (donor) has been phenotyped for each antigen which ensures detection of a wider range of antibodies. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>D, C, E, c, e, M, N, S, s, P 1 , Le a , Le b , K, k, Jk a , Jk b , Fy a and Fy b (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Homozygous expression guarantees strong reactivity, aiding in the detection of weak antibodies. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By modifying the structure of certain antigens, making them more accessible to antibody binding. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To detect low-titer antibodies that may not be initially apparent under standard testing conditions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A, B, or O packed cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>If no Rh negative blood is available. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To ensure there is no incompatibility between the donor's red cells and the recipient's plasma. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When following established transfusion service policy guidelines. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Add a small amount of thrombin or protamine sulfate to accelerate clotting or counteract heparin. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unexpected antibody screening and infectious disease marker testing. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Standard compatibility tests do not detect all potential incompatibilities, and some transfused RBCs may have shortened survival or hemolyze. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To establish realistic blood ordering levels agreed upon by staff surgeons, thereby promoting efficient blood utilization. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Verifying all information by the person releasing the blood and the person picking up the unit. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>If it has not been entered, warmed above 10°C, or cooled below 1°C, and is returned within a specified timeframe. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Automation with continuous flow or batch analyzers, microplates, solid phase, and dry plate technologies. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prioritize units crossmatch-compatible with the mother’s serum. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Units must be tested to ensure the corresponding antigen is absent. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Provides a more stable endpoint and reproducible results compared to traditional methods. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elimination of multiple saline washes to remove unbound immunoglobulin. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By reducing the potential for human error and improving process standardization. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are the ideal material for trapping RBC agglutinates during sedimentation or centrifugation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>White blood cell (WBC) count (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It provides a more stable endpoint, leading to less ambiguous interpretation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased biohazardous waste and improved safety (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gels containing anti-A, anti-B, and anti-A,B (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To act as a filter, trapping agglutinated red blood cells while allowing unagglutinated cells to pass through (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through visual inspection, graded from 1+ to 4+, similar to test tube hemagglutination (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Standardization of procedures and elimination of the wash step (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hemolyzed, lipemic, or icteric blood samples can interfere with results. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To detect red blood cells sensitized with IgG antibodies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anti-D, Anti-C, Anti-E, Anti-c, Anti-e, and a control (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By increasing the number of tests that can be performed simultaneously and minimizing hands-on time. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To maintain optimal temperature and speed for consistent and accurate results. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The target antigen is added to the microplate wells by the user before testing. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>SPRCA utilizes a built-in color change in LISS to verify addition, whereas Gel testing does not have an equivalent feature. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antibody screening, antibody identification, Weak D testing, IgG autologous control, and compatibility testing. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adherence of indicator RBCs to part or all of the well bottom. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Second-generation tests have the target antigen pre-coated, while first-generation tests require user coating. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Solid-phase Protein A (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Special pipettes used to add reagents (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ELISA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A classification of blood based on specific antigens present on the surface of red blood cells.

Study guides that outline the key learning goals and details for unit exams.

The essential source of detailed content required to prepare for unit exams.

Visual presentations that provide a general overview, not detailed enough for exams.

Materials, like Unit Objectives, that help you prepare for specific assessments.

Lewis antigens are absent on red cells but present in secretions of Le(a-b-) secretors.

Lewis antibodies are generally IgM and naturally occurring, capable of binding complement.

Lewis antigens become weaker during pregnancy and are poorly expressed at birth.

Lewis antigens do not demonstrate dosage effect in serologic reactions.

Lewis substances in secretions can neutralize Lewis antibodies.

A group of antigens produced by alleles at a single gene locus or closely linked loci.

A genetic scenario where both alleles contribute equally to the phenotype.

Genes that alter the expression of antigens but are not at the same locus.

A blood group system where antigens are produced by tissue cells, not red blood cells.

Gene that produces an enzyme to add L-fucose to precursors for Lewis antigen formation.

Determines if ABH antigens are present in body fluids, influenced by Se gene.

Antigen formed through the interaction of Le and Se genes, adsorbed onto red cells.

A phenotype where Lea is secreted, but ABH substances are not due to nonsecretor status.

A phenotype where both Lea and Leb antigens are present, indicating secretor status.

A genotype common among blacks leading to Le(a-b-) phenotype, due to mutations in Le gene.

A blood antigen found on RBCs, WBCs, and tissue cells, commonly present.

A rare blood antigen that lacks the P antigen, found in some individuals.

A variant of the P antigen that weakens during fetal development and storage.

Naturally occurring IgM antibody in P2 individuals, usually cold-reactive.

Antibodies that react at low temperatures, especially at room temp.

High frequency antigens; at birth, cells are rich in i, which decreases over time.

P1 antigens are poorly expressed at birth and develop over several years.

Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn is not linked with anti-P1 antibodies.

A blood group system with antigens Fya and Fyb important in malaria susceptibility.

Duffy antigens do not store well and are destroyed by certain enzymes.

Anti-Fyb antibodies are less common than anti-Fya antibodies and both are usually IgG.

Blood group with antigens Jka and Jkb, known for causing hemolytic transfusion reactions.

Kidd antibodies are significant; they react in Coombs and often show dosage.

Includes antigens Lua and Lub; questionable immunogenicity and poorly developed at birth.

Anti Lua may be naturally occurring with weak agglutination; not clinically significant.

IgG antibody reacting in Coombs; forms due to foreign cell exposure.

A blood group system with 22 antigens linked to HDFN; expressed in newborns.

Different frequencies of Duffy phenotypes among whites, blacks, and Chinese populations.

A blood group system focused on the D antigen, important for transfusions and pregnancy.

A blood group system that includes K antigens, which can cause serious transfusion reactions.

A blood group system characterized by antigens Jka and Jkb, which can lead to hemolytic transfusion reactions.

Antibodies that can cause hemolytic transfusion reactions or hemolytic disease of the newborn.

Blood group systems with antibodies not involved in hemolytic reactions.

Some antibodies react differently at room temperature or 37°C, affecting transfusion decisions.

A process where certain antibodies can bind components of the immune system to help destroy pathogens.

Substances added to promote antigen-antibody binding and increase detection sensitivity.

Low Ionic Strength Saline that enhances antibody detection by increasing binding rates to RBC antigens.

Reagents that agglutinate RBCs coated with IgG or complement, used in blood testing.

Red blood cells coated with human IgG used to verify negative AHG tests are accurate.

Process where samples are mixed and set aside for a specified time to allow reactions.

A series of tests performed to ensure safe blood transfusions, including ABO grouping and antibody screening.

A test determining a patient's blood type based on the presence of A and B antigens.

Tests for the presence of the Rh factor (D antigen) on red blood cells, essential for transfusion safety.

Antibodies that arise due to prior exposure to foreign antigens, which may be detected during screening.

Tests to detect unexpected antibodies in a patient's serum using reagent screening cells.

Commercially prepared Group O cells used for antibody testing in patients' serum.

A phenomenon where the expression of certain antigens influences antibody reactions, often seen in blood groups.

Testing to confirm that donor red blood cells are suitable for a patient’s serum before transfusion.

An antibody that reacts at lower temperatures, often IgM type.

Step to determine if antibodies are auto- or allo- based on control results.

A method to confirm antibody presence by requiring three positive and three negative reactions.

Phenomenon where antigen strength affects antibody reaction, often seen with homozygous antigens.

Analysis of serum reactions to determine presence of specific antibodies.

Anti-human globulin, used to detect unbound antibodies in tests.

Reagent used to verify the accuracy of a Coombs test.

Test using patient’s own serum and RBCs to check for autoantibodies.

Clumping of cells due to antibody-antigen reactions.

Negative direct antiglobulin test indicates alloantibody presence.

Test to determine which antibodies are present in the serum.

Used to separate components in blood tests by spinning at high speeds.

Assessing whether reactions occur in cold or warm phases during tests.

A step-by-step method used to select appropriate blood for transfusion, involving patient-donor identification and testing.

The necessity of balancing the advantages of blood transfusions against their associated risks.

Guidelines that specify the necessary information required on blood request forms for transfusions.

Procedures to ensure accurate labeling and identification before transfusing blood to prevent errors.

Total blood volume given within 24 hours during surgery or trauma.

Collection and storage of a donor's own blood for personal use.

No current procedure guarantees complete safety against reactions.

Process to confirm the identity of the recipient and donor blood product.

Efficient use of blood through planned orders like MSBOS.

Delayed clotting due to medications or coagulation problems.

Assessment for antibodies in maternal serum to avoid incompatibility.

Determining fetus's ABO and Rh blood group status pre-transfusion.

Administering thrombin to enhance clotting during testing.

Rapid testing methods, like dipsticks, for immediate results.

Must compare patient samples with the requisition form to check for discrepancies.

Positive identification must be confirmed before collecting samples, especially if the identity is unknown.

Blood samples must avoid hemolysis to accurately test complement activation.

Tubes must be labeled at bedside with patient's info and lab ID before collection.

Do not take samples from IV lines; should be taken below the infusion site after a proper waiting period.

Serum is preferred for testing complement; plasma contains fibrin clots which complicate tests.

Samples should be tested ASAP, or stored correctly if testing cannot happen immediately.

Collect 10 ml of blood for testing if no serological issues are noted.

A compatibility test where donor cells are mixed with the patient’s serum to check for reactions.

Ability of a test to correctly identify the presence of antibodies; can be enhanced by certain methods.

One sample in each set carries homozygous genes for specific antigens like Jk a and c.

Enzymes like papain and ficin enhance the detection of specific antibodies in blood tests.

Choosing blood based on the patient’s ABO and Rh group; O is universal donor.

Rh negative can be given to Rh positive; avoid Rh positive for Rh negative women of childbearing age.

Initial testing for patients unlikely to need blood transfusions.

Test mixing patient serum with donor cells; lacks hemolysis shows compatibility.

A type of crossmatch combining Type & screen with immediate spin.

Involves incubation with agents to enhance compatibility detection.

Evaluating hemolysis and agglutination for transfusion compatibility.

Automated compatibility check based on previous serologic results.

False negatives can result from improper handling of sample tubes.

Indicates no RBC antibodies are present, safe for transfusion.

Factors that lead to positive results in transfusion testing, including ABO grouping errors, alloantibodies, and autoantibodies.

An antibody formed in response to foreign antigens from a different individual of the same species.

An antibody produced by the immune system that mistakenly targets and reacts with a person's own cells.

Direct Antiglobulin Test; detects antibodies bound to the surface of red blood cells, indicating immune reactions.

Testing involving a group of red blood cells to identify specific antibodies in a patient’s serum.

Procedure for urgent transfusions requiring O negative blood while proper testing is completed.

Transfusion in neonates must consider maternal antibodies possibly affecting the infant’s blood.

Blood for intrauterine transfusions must be compatible with maternal antibodies crossing the placenta.

A method using gel particles to improve blood bank testing accuracy and reproducibility.

A blood test method that detects antibodies bound to RBCs without multiple washes.

Gel technology is FDA approved for various blood tests including grouping and compatibility.

A test that determines a person's blood type by identifying A and B antigens on RBCs.

A test that checks for A and B antibodies in serum by using type O cells.

The degree of reliability needed to meet current regulatory standards in testing.

The careful collection and labeling of blood samples to avoid errors during testing.

A card with gel containing various anti-sera for blood typing.

Agglutinated RBCs are trapped in gel while others form a pellet.

Reactions graded from 1+ to 4+ indicating agglutination strength.

Benefits include standardized procedures and no wash steps.

Limitations like need for special equipment and sample restrictions.

Automated systems for serological tests in blood typing and compatibility.

Methods used in serologic testing that involve adherence of red cells to a solid surface.

Solid-Phase Red Cell Adherence - techniques where red cells adhere to microplate wells during testing.

Tests where the user adds target antigens to microplate wells before testing.

Tests where target antigens are pre-bound to microplate wells during manufacturing.

First- and second-generation SPRCA assays are approved for antibody screening and compatibility testing.

Monitoring procedures that include positive and negative controls in each batch of SPRCA tests.

Examines procedural steps, features, and equipment used in gel testing versus SPRCA.

Indicator RBCs adhere to microplate wells, indicating a positive reaction strength.