Blood Disorders Overview for Dental Hygienists
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Questions and Answers

What role does Vitamin B12 play in the body?

  • Regulates blood pressure
  • Absorbs iron from food
  • Synthesizes hemoglobin
  • Synthesizes DNA and RNA (correct)

Which of the following is NOT a cause of iron deficiency anemia?

  • Lack of vitamin C (correct)
  • Dietary deficiency
  • Chronic blood loss
  • Malabsorption

Which symptom is specifically associated with iron deficiency anemia?

  • Recurrent aphthous ulcers
  • Angular cheilitis
  • Red beefy tongue
  • Brittle nails & koilonychia (correct)

What is one of the principal causes of folate deficiency?

<p>Dietary deficiency (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can Vitamin B12 deficiency be managed?

<p>Regular intra-muscular injections of hydroxocobalamin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions can lead to anemia of chronic disease?

<p>Chronic inflammatory diseases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is characteristic of vitamin B12 deficiency?

<p>Larger red blood cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main risk associated with folate deficiency during pregnancy?

<p>Neural tube defects in the fetus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable dental aspect of deficiency anaemias?

<p>Glossitis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential management strategy for patients with anemia?

<p>Regular maintenance dental care (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly classifies blood disorders?

<p>Anaemias, leukaemias, and other dyscrasias (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of deficiency anaemias?

<p>Lack of essential nutrients (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is specifically associated with sickle cell disease?

<p>Production of abnormal hemoglobin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one primary distinction between leukaemia and lymphoma?

<p>Lymphoma mainly involves lymphatic tissues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of blood disorder results from abnormal proliferation of blood cells?

<p>Leukaemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do thalassemia and sickle cell disease primarily differ?

<p>Sickle cell disease results from hemoglobin S mutation, while thalassemia is due to globin chain abnormalities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of leukaemia is most commonly seen in adults?

<p>Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best explains the relevance of blood disorders to oral health management?

<p>Oral health can be influenced by systemic conditions such as blood disorders (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common implication for dental hygienists when treating patients with blood disorders?

<p>Increased risk of bleeding during procedures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of Aplastic Anaemia?

<p>Depressed bone marrow function (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is NOT commonly associated with Anaemia of Chronic Disease?

<p>Hypertension (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical outcome of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia in children after treatment?

<p>85% survival rate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of leukaemia is characterized by the aggressive proliferation of myeloid cells?

<p>Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is commonly used for Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia?

<p>Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of lymphocytes grow uncontrollably in Lymphoma?

<p>Lymphocytes in general (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the symptoms of Leukaemia?

<p>Common symptoms include lymphadenopathy and fatigue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common complication associated with Multiple Myeloma?

<p>Formation of osteolytic lesions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following treatments is typically avoided during the active phase of Leukaemia?

<p>Dental treatment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia?

<p>Too many immature lymphocytes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes lymphoma from leukaemia?

<p>Lymphoma forms tumors in lymphatic tissues. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are common symptoms shared by leukaemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma?

<p>Bone pain and infections (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which condition does the body produce an excess of plasma cells?

<p>Multiple myeloma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What potential risk should dental professionals consider when treating patients on long-term bisphosphonates?

<p>Osteoradionecrosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does leukaemia differ from multiple myeloma in terms of cancer cell location?

<p>Leukaemia originates in the bone marrow but spreads to the blood. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement should be considered regarding dental treatment for patients with blood cancers?

<p>Dental treatments should be deferred if infections are present. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major complication of sickle cell disease related to red blood cell shape?

<p>Clogging of blood vessels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about thalassaemia?

<p>It often leads to early hemolysis due to fragile red blood cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is recommended for dental treatment in patients with Sickle Cell Trait?

<p>Avoiding general anesthesia is advised. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptoms are characteristic of homozygous β-thalassaemia?

<p>Severe skeletal deformities and chronic anaemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a health issue associated with sickle cell crisis?

<p>Clogging of blood flow due to misshapen cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common oral manifestation of thalassaemia?

<p>Xerostomia can result from iron deposits (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which of the following conditions is avoiding stress crucial?

<p>Sickle Cell Disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about sickle cell trait is true?

<p>Carriers are healthy but can pass the gene to offspring. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers a sickle cell crisis?

<p>Physical exertion and dehydration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the best method for preventing dental complications in patients with Sickle Cell Disease?

<p>Preventive care and antibiotic prophylaxis for invasive treatments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Anemia

A condition characterized by a decrease in the number of red blood cells, hemoglobin, or both, leading to reduced oxygen-carrying capacity

Iron Deficiency Anemia

This type of anemia results from a deficiency in iron, a crucial component of hemoglobin

Vitamin B12 Deficiency Anemia

This occurs due to inadequate vitamin B12 absorption, essential for red blood cell production.

Sickle Cell Disease

A rare genetic blood disorder where red blood cells become sickle-shaped, causing blockages in blood vessels.

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Thalassemia

A group of genetic disorders characterized by defective hemoglobin production, resulting in smaller, less functional red blood cells.

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Leukemia

A type of cancer affecting the bone marrow where abnormal white blood cells multiply rapidly, crowding out healthy blood cells.

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Multiple Myeloma

A type of cancer affecting plasma cells, which are white blood cells responsible for making antibodies.

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Lymphoma

A type of cancer affecting the lymphatic system, where abnormal lymphocytes multiply and form tumors.

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What is Anemia?

A condition where the blood lacks sufficient oxygen-carrying capacity, often due to a shortage of red blood cells or hemoglobin.

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What is Iron Deficiency Anemia?

Anemia caused by insufficient iron, a key component for hemoglobin production, leading to smaller and paler red blood cells.

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What characterizes Vitamin B12 Deficiency Anemia?

This type of anemia occurs due to a shortage of vitamin B12, crucial for DNA and RNA synthesis, therefore impacting red blood cell production.

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What causes Impaired B12 Absorption Anemia?

This anemia arises from an inability to absorb vitamin B12. This can be due to conditions like Crohn's disease or Pernicious Anemia.

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What causes Folate Deficiency Anemia?

This deficiency arises from inadequate intake of folate, essential for DNA and RNA synthesis and red blood cell development, commonly due to dietary issues.

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What is Hemolytic Anemia?

This type of anemia is characterized by the breakdown of red blood cells before their normal lifespan, often due to genetic factors or acquired conditions.

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What are Hemoglobinopathies?

Sickle cell disease and thalassemia are examples of inherited conditions leading to abnormal hemoglobin production, influencing red blood cell shape and function.

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What is Aplastic Anemia?

This type of anemia develops when the bone marrow fails to produce enough red blood cells, often caused by factors like autoimmune disorders or exposure to toxins.

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What is Anemia of Chronic Disease?

A type of anemia associated with chronic diseases like infections, inflammation, or cancer, where the body produces less red blood cells due to underlying issues.

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What are the clinical features of Iron Deficiency Anemia?

Fatigue, breathlessness, palpitations, pale skin, and headaches are common symptoms. Nail changes like brittle nails and spoon-shaped nails are also observed.

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What is Sickle Cell Disease?

A form of inherited haemolytic anemia where the red blood cells become rigid and misshapen, resembling a sickle. This is caused by a genetic defect affecting hemoglobin.

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What is the difference between Sickle Cell Trait and Sickle Cell Disease?

An inherited condition where a person carries one copy of the sickle cell gene. While they are generally healthy, they can pass the gene to their offspring.

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What is a Sickle Cell Crisis?

A painful episode that occurs in people with Sickle Cell Disease. It happens when misshapen red blood cells block blood vessels, causing reduced oxygen supply and severe pain.

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What is Thalassemia?

A group of genetic disorders that affect red blood cell production. It leads to anemia due to fewer and more fragile red blood cells.

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What is Beta-Thalassemia?

A type of Thalassemia where there is a defect in the production of beta-globin chains, a component of hemoglobin. This leads to severe anemia and other complications.

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What are the symptoms of Beta-Thalassemia Major (homozygous)?

Individuals with this form of Beta-Thalassemia often experience chronic anemia and complications like bone marrow expansion, skeletal deformities, and iron overload.

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What are the symptoms of Beta-Thalassemia Minor (heterozygous)?

Individuals with this form of Beta-Thalassemia usually have mild anemia and experience few complications.

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How do dental clinicians manage patients with Sickle Cell Disease?

The management of patients with Sickle Cell Disease involves avoiding general anesthesia due to the risk of pain and complications related to the blood cells.

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What is Acquired Haemolytic Anemia?

This type of haemolytic anemia is caused by external factors like infections, medications, or autoimmune disorders, rather than genetic inheritance.

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Leukemia: What makes it unique?

A condition characterized by the presence of cancerous cells that circulate in the blood.

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Lymphoma: What makes it unique?

This cancer is characterized by cancerous cells aggregating and forming tumors in the lymphatic system.

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Multiple Myeloma: What makes it unique?

This cancer is marked by excessive production of plasma cells, which leads to bone marrow damage and bone destruction.

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Aplastic Anemia

A condition where the bone marrow is unable to produce enough blood cells, leading to a decrease in red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

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Anemia of Chronic Disease

A type of anemia characterized by fatigue, pallor, and increased infection risk, often associated with chronic diseases like HIV, rheumatoid arthritis, and kidney disease.

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What is Leukemia?

A serious condition where white blood cell precursors (immature white blood cells) multiply uncontrollably in the bone marrow, crowding out healthy blood cells.

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Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)

The most common type of leukemia in children, characterized by high numbers of immature white blood cells.

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Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)

An aggressive type of leukemia affecting myeloid cells (a type of white blood cell) that can quickly become fatal.

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Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)

A slow-growing type of leukemia affecting adults, characterized by an overproduction of myeloid cells.

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Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)

The most common type of leukemia in adults, characterized by the overproduction of immature lymphocytes.

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What is Multiple Myeloma?

A cancer of plasma cells, the white blood cells responsible for antibody production. It causes abnormal antibodies and bone damage.

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What is Lymphoma?

A type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system, causing abnormal lymphocyte growth and formation of tumors.

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What are Dyscrasias?

A general term for a group of disorders that affect the blood and bone marrow.

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Study Notes

Blood Disorders Overview

  • Blood disorders are a broad category encompassing various conditions affecting blood cells and components
  • This presentation covers different types of anemias, leukaemias, and other blood dyscrasias relevant to dental hygienists/therapists' roles
  • It emphasizes the importance of identifying patient needs, understanding disease effects, and tailoring treatment plans accordingly.

Types of Blood Disorders

  • Anemias: Deficiency anemias (iron, B12, folate), haemolytic anemias (sickle cell disease, thalassemia), aplastic anemia, and anemia of chronic disease
  • Leukaemias: The various acute and chronic forms (lymphocytic, myeloid)
  • Other dyscrasias: multiple myeloma and lymphoma, conditions affecting the blood-forming cells.
  • Bleeding disorders: Thrombocytopenia/coagulopathies (a separate lecture topic)

Anemia Specifics

  • Deficiency Anemias: Characterized by a lack of essential nutrients (iron, B12, folate) leading to smaller, paler red blood cells with reduced oxygen-carrying capacity. Causes include dietary deficiency, chronic blood loss, malabsorption, and pregnancy.
  • Haemolytic Anemias: Result from premature destruction of red blood cells. Inherited forms include sickle cell disease and thalassemia, while acquired forms stem from infections, medications, autoimmune disorders, or conditions like an enlarged spleen or mechanical heart valves.
  • Aplastic Anemia: Bone marrow depression leading to lower blood cell production.
  • Anaemia of Chronic Disease: A condition arising from ongoing immune responses related to chronic infections or underlying diseases (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, kidney disease).

Leukaemia Specifics

  • Leukaemias: Cancer involving white blood cell precursors, leading to the overproduction of immature blood cells. Classified as acute or chronic, lymphocytic or myeloid, depending on the type of blood cell involved and the speed of disease progression.
  • Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia: Common in children and young adults.
  • Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Most common acute form in adults.
  • Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: Primarily affects older adults, characterized by slow progression.
  • Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Typically discovered late, often diagnosed in middle-aged or older individuals
  • Clinical features of all the mentioned leukaemias include: anaemia, symptoms like fatigue, paleness, frequent infections, and possible enlargement of lymph nodes

Multiple Myeloma & Lymphoma

  • Multiple Myeloma: A cancer affecting antibody-producing plasma cells, often leading to bone lesions and complications due to faulty antibodies.
  • Lymphoma: Cancer arising from lymphocytes within the lymphatic system (like lymph nodes, spleen, or other lymphatic tissues)

Management Considerations

  • General Management Principles: Prompt medical consultation (refer to a GP), iron supplements and preventive dental care regimes are crucial considerations. Patients should be monitored for complications and risks like infection.
  • Specific management for different conditions: Specific recommendations vary with individual conditions and the patient's needs, e.g avoiding general anesthetic in particular cases like sickle cell.

Summary - Clinical Features

  • Dental implications for each type of blood disorder; the symptoms vary according to the specific blood disorder (including oral manifestations) affecting patients may vary.

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Blood Disorders (Biomedical Sciences) Student Copy PDF

Description

This quiz provides an overview of blood disorders, including various types of anemias, leukaemias, and dyscrasias relevant to dental hygienists and therapists. Understanding these conditions is crucial for identifying patient needs and adapting treatment plans accordingly.

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