Blood Composition and Functions Quiz

A blood clot that breaks free and travels through the bloodstream, potentially getting stuck in a smaller vessel.

A condition where there are too few platelets in the blood, making it difficult to form clots.

A hereditary bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency in specific clotting factors in the intrinsic pathway. Hemophilia A lacks factor VIII, while Hemophilia B lacks factor IX.

A protein found on the surface of red blood cells. Individuals with the Rh factor are Rh positive, while those without it are Rh negative.

A reaction that occurs when incompatible blood types are mixed, causing agglutination (clumping) of red blood cells due to the presence of antibodies.

The blood group system based on the presence or absence of Rh antigens, primarily the D antigen. Approximately 85% of North Americans are Rh+ (meaning they have the D antigen) and 15% are Rh- (meaning they lack the D antigen).

The antibodies responsible for attacking foreign red blood cells in a transfusion reaction. They are produced by the recipient's immune system in response to exposure to foreign red blood cells.

A condition where an Rh- mother carrying an Rh+ fetus develops antibodies against the fetus's Rh+ blood cells, leading to potential hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN).

The condition where Rh- individuals develop antibodies against Rh+ red blood cells after exposure to Rh antigens, either through a blood transfusion or carrying an Rh+ fetus.

The thick layer of muscle tissue composing the heart, responsible for pumping blood.

Branching cardiac muscle cells, bound together by connective tissue, giving strength and structure to the myocardium.

The innermost layer of the heart, composed of endothelium and connective tissue, lining its inner surface.

The two upper chambers of the heart, receiving blood from the body and lungs.

The two lower chambers of the heart, responsible for pumping blood out to the body and lungs.

The wall separating the right and left atria.

The wall separating the right and left ventricles.

Muscle bundles found within the ventricles, responsible for pumping blood.

The process of dissolving a blood clot, typically starting at the edges and continuing until the clot is completely dissolved.

The enzyme that breaks down fibrin, which is a key protein in blood clots

A plasma protein which is converted to plasmin by tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) during fibrinolysis.

A protein secreted by endothelial cells that activates plasminogen, facilitating clot breakdown.

A clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel. These clots can block blood flow to vital tissues.

The condition of undesirable intravascular clotting within blood vessels, potentially leading to blockage and tissue damage.

A specific factor that plays a role in controlling the size of blood clots. It acts to remove procoagulants from the blood, limiting clot growth.

A type of factor that limits the size of blood clots by suppressing the activity of activated clotting factors.

Reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of blood due to clumped red blood cells.

Clogging of small blood vessels due to clumped red blood cells.

Rupture or destruction of clumped red blood cells by phagocytes, releasing free hemoglobin.

Precipitation of hemoglobin in kidney tubules, potentially leading to kidney failure.

The outer covering of the heart, composed of a double-walled, fibro-serous sac.

The fibrous layer of the pericardium, providing protection and anchoring.

The serous layer of the pericardium, composed of parietal and visceral (epicardium) layers, containing fluid-filled pericardial cavity.

The structures that prevent backflow of blood through heart chambers. These structures ensure unidirectional blood flow within the heart, ensuring oxygenated blood is directed to the body and deoxygenated blood is sent to the lungs.

Two valves that control blood flow between the atria and ventricles of the heart. They ensure the forward flow of blood from the atria to the ventricles.

Two valves that regulate the flow of blood from the ventricles to the pulmonary and systemic circulations. They prevent the backflow of blood from the arteries back into the ventricles.

The strong fibrous cords that attach to the AV valve cusps and connect to papillary muscles within the ventricle. These cords prevent the valves from prolapsing or flipping back into the atria during ventricular contraction.

A specific condition in which heart valves fail to close properly, allowing for blood to leak backward. This leads to inefficient blood flow.

A condition where heart valves become stiff and rigid due to calcium buildup or scarring, restricting blood flow. This can lead to reduced blood flow through the heart.

A short, low-pressure circulatory pathway responsible for transporting deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and back, where it picks up oxygen.

A long, high-pressure circulatory pathway responsible for transporting oxygenated blood from the heart to all other body tissues and back.