Blood Composition and Functions Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary mechanism by which drugs like tPA and streptokinase dissolve clots?

  • By directly breaking down fibrinogen into smaller peptides.
  • By chelating calcium ions, which are essential for coagulation.
  • By activating plasmin to dissolve clots. (correct)
  • By inhibiting the production of prothrombin in the liver.

    • In thrombocytopenia, what is the typical impact on an individual's health?

  • Impaired liver function leading to a deficiency in clotting factors.
  • Overproduction of erythrocytes, resulting in polycythemia.
  • Excessive bleeding and bruising due to a reduced number of platelets. (correct)
  • Increased risk of arterial thrombosis due to elevated platelet aggregation.

    • Why does impaired liver function contribute to bleeding disorders?

  • The liver synthesizes most procoagulants, and liver disease leads to their deficiency. (correct)
  • The liver produces bile, essential for the absorption of iron necessary for hemoglobin synthesis.
  • The liver filters platelets from the blood, and its impairment leads to thrombocytopenia.
  • The liver is the primary site for red blood cell production, and its impairment leads to anemia.

    • What is the underlying cause of hemophilia A?

    <p>A deficiency in factor VIII, leading to impaired activation of the intrinsic pathway. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the body initially compensate for blood loss to maintain blood pressure and circulation?

    <p>Increasing heart rate and generalized vasoconstriction. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme directly facilitates the breakdown of fibrin during fibrinolysis?

    <p>Plasmin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) that initiates fibrinolysis?

    <p>Endothelial Cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does antithrombin III limit clot growth?

    <p>By inactivating thrombin and other procoagulants. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does heparin play in limiting clot formation?

    <p>It enhances the activity of antithrombin III. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors prevents undesirable clotting in intact blood vessels?

    <p>Smooth endothelial lining and endothelial-derived nitric oxide and prostacyclin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a 'thrombus'?

    <p>A clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a thromboembolic condition?

    <p>Development of a thrombus in an unbroken blood vessel (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the chordae tendineae and papillary muscles in relation to the heart valves?

    <p>To ensure unidirectional blood flow by preventing the atrioventricular valves from inverting during ventricular contraction. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the body ensure that clot formation is localized and doesn't spread excessively?

    <p>By swift removal of coagulation factors and inhibition of activated clotting factors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which valve is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle?

    <p>Tricuspid valve (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the destination of blood that passes through the pulmonary valve?

    <p>Pulmonary trunk (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of valvular stenosis?

    <p>Stiff valves due to calcification or scar tissue. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which heart valve is also known as the bicuspid valve?

    <p>Mitral valve (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direct consequence of valvular insufficiency?

    <p>Backflow of blood due to incomplete valve closure. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the left ventricle wall significantly thicker than the right ventricle wall?

    <p>To overcome the 5X higher resistance of the long systemic circuit. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which circuit has a shorter pathway and operates under lower pressure?

    <p>The pulmonary circuit (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is type O blood considered the universal donor?

    <p>It lacks A and B antigens on the red blood cells, minimizing the risk of agglutination in recipients. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does transfusion of incompatible blood lead to potentially fatal consequences?

    <p>The recipient's antibodies cause agglutination and hemolysis of the donor's red blood cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are Rh- individuals typically not born with Rh antibodies in their blood?

    <p>Rh antibodies are only produced in response to exposure to Rh antigens. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does RhoGAM prevent erythroblastosis fetalis in Rh- mothers carrying an Rh+ fetus?

    <p>It contains anti-Rh antibodies that bind to and destroy fetal Rh+ red blood cells in the mother's circulation, preventing sensitization. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason the recipient's agglutinins (antibodies) pose a greater risk in transfusion reactions than the donor's?

    <p>Donor agglutinins are present in such small quantities that they are quickly diluted in the recipient's circulation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary danger associated with hemoglobin (Hb) precipitation and clogging of kidney tubules following a blood transfusion reaction?

    <p>Possible kidney failure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of blood typing, what is the purpose of using serum containing anti-A or anti-B agglutinins?

    <p>To identify the presence of A or B antigens on red blood cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the location of the heart within the thorax?

    <p>Within the mediastinum, extending from the 2nd rib to the 5th intercostal space, with most of its mass on the left side. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the fibrous pericardium?

    <p>Protecting, anchoring the heart and preventing overfilling. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the epicardium also known as?

    <p>Visceral Layer of the Serous Pericardium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key strategy to mitigate kidney failure following a blood transfusion reaction?

    <p>Administering alkaline fluids and diuretics. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the heart located?

    <p>Enclosed within the mediastinum of the thorax. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is autologous transfusion?

    <p>Re-infusion of a patient's own blood (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the myocardium?

    <p>To generate the contractile force that pumps blood throughout the body. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is directly continuous with the endothelium of blood vessels entering and leaving the heart?

    <p>Endocardium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the connective tissue wrappings within the myocardium?

    <p>To reinforce the myocardium, anchor cardiac muscle fibers, support vessels and valves, and direct the spread of action potentials. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following vessels delivers deoxygenated blood from the myocardium itself to the right atrium?

    <p>Coronary sinus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the atria?

    <p>To receive blood from the systemic and pulmonary circulations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature is characteristic of the ventricles compared to the atria?

    <p>Thicker walls adapted for pumping blood. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the left ventricle?

    <p>Pumps oxygenated blood to the aorta. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures are internal muscular bundles found in the ventricles?

    <p>Trabeculae carneae (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Blood Composition and Function

    • Blood is a complex fluid comprising plasma and formed elements (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets).
    • Erythrocytes (red blood cells) are responsible for oxygen transport. Their structure, function, and life cycle are crucial to understand.
    • Hemostasis is the process of stopping bleeding, involving several steps, and platelets play a critical role.

    Clot Retraction and Fibrinolysis

    • Clot retraction is the process of consolidating the formed blood clot.
    • Fibrinolysis is the breakdown of the clot when no longer needed, and the key enzyme plasmin plays a vital role in this process.

    Blood Types and Transfusion Reactions

    • Blood groups (e.g., ABO, Rh) are categorized based on antigens on red blood cells.
    • Mismatched blood transfusions can trigger severe reactions (agglutination and hemolysis).
    • The body compensates for blood loss via vasoconstriction and increased erythropoiesis.

    Factors Limiting Clot Growth/Formation

    • Homeostatic mechanisms control clot size (removing factors and inhibiting activated clotting factors)
    • Blood flow carries away procoagulants
    • Thrombin is adsorbed onto fibrin threads (limiting clot size)
    • Antithrombin III, protein C inactivate clotting factors

    Thromboembolic Conditions

    • Thrombus: a blood clot inside a blood vessel.
    • Embolization happens when a thrombus breaks off.
    • Thrombi can block blood flow to tissues.
    • Treatment options include drugs like tPA to dissolve clots.

    Bleeding Disorders

    • Thrombocytopenia: low platelet count, causing easy bruising and internal hemorrhage.
    • Impaired liver function affects procoagulants production and bile production needed for vitamin K absorption.
    • Hemophilia: hereditary bleeding disorders due to intrinsic pathway factor deficiencies (A – factor VIII, B – factor IX).

    Transfusion Reactions: Agglutination & Hemolysis

    • Transfusion reactions are potentially fatal if incompatible blood types are mixed.
    • Agglutination occurs when antibodies react with foreign antigens, clumping blood cells.
    • Hemolysis breaks down blood cells, releasing hemoglobin and causing further complications.
    • Autologous transfusions use self-blood to help prevent complications

    Blood Typing

    • Blood typing involves using antibodies (like anti-A and anti-B) to determine blood group.
    • Similar techniques can be used to determine Rh factor.
    • Blood type testing is crucial for safe blood transfusions.

    The Heart: Anatomy and Physiology

    • The heart is a muscular pump, enclosed in the mediastinum.
    • Layers: pericardium, myocardium, endocardium

    Heart Layers

    • Fibrous pericardium protects the heart and prevents overfilling.
    • Serous pericardium is made up of parietal and visceral layers.

    Myocardium

    • Muscular tissue of the heart.
    • Fibrous connective tissue reinforces myocardium bundles for support.

    Endocardium

    • Innermost lining of the heart chambers.
    • Continuous with the endothelium of blood vessels.

    Heart Chambers and Septa

    • The heart has two atria and two ventricles.
    • Interatrial and interventricular septa divide the heart.
    • Coronary sulcus divides the atria and ventricles.
    • Anterior and Posterior intraventricular provide boundary between the ventricles.

    Receiving Chambers (Atria)

    • The atria receive blood returning to the heart.
    • Blood enters the right atrium via the superior and inferior vena cava and coronary sinus.
    • Blood enters the left atrium via the pulmonary veins.

    Discharging Chambers (Ventricles)

    • The ventricles pump blood out of the heart.
    • The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs.
    • The left ventricle pumps blood to the body.

    Heart Valves

    • Heart valves ensure one-way blood flow.
    • Atrioventricular valves (tricuspid and mitral) control blood flow from atria to ventricles.
    • Semilunar valves (pulmonary and aortic) control blood flow from ventricles to arteries.
    • Valves: Ensure efficient, controlled blood flow.

    Pulmonary and Systemic Circulation

    • Pulmonary circuit: blood flow from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation.
    • Systemic circuit: blood flow from the heart to the body to deliver oxygen.
    • The heart's two ventricles pump equal volumes, but the left ventricle must overcome higher pressure for systemic circulation.

    Coronary Circulation

    • The coronary circulation supplies oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle.
    • Coronary arteries and veins supply and drain the heart muscle.
    • Coronary occlusion can lead to angina and myocardial infarction.
    • Anastomoses provide alternate routes for blood flow.

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    ANP1115 Lecture 2 Blood and Intro to Heart 2023 PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on blood composition, function, and related processes. This quiz covers erythrocytes, hemostasis, clot retraction, and blood types. Understand the critical roles blood plays in the body and the implications of transfusions.

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