Questions and Answers
What is the blood volume of an average-size adult male?
5-6 Liters
What is the blood volume of an average-size adult female?
4-5 Liters
What determines whether blood is bright red or a dull brick red?
Its degree of oxygenation; the more oxygen it carries, the brighter red it is.
What is the most numerous leukocyte?
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What are the three types of granulocytes?
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What is anucleate formed element also called an erythrocyte?
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What are the three types of phagocytic leukocytes?
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What are the two types of agranulocytes?
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What is the precursor cell of platelets?
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What are red blood cells, megakaryocytes, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, neutrophils, and lymphocytes examples of?
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What releases histamine and promotes inflammation?
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Which type of cell produces antibodies?
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What transports oxygen in the blood?
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What is primarily water and noncellular, serving as the fluid matrix of blood?
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What exits a blood vessel to develop into a macrophage?
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What are the five types of white blood cells?
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List four classes of nutrients normally found in plasma.
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Name two gases found in plasma.
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Name three ions found in plasma.
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Describe the consistency and color of the plasma you observed in the laboratory.
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What is the average lifespan of a red blood cell? How does its anucleate condition affect this lifespan?
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Describe eosinophils.
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Describe neutrophils.
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Describe lymphocytes.
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Describe basophils.
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Describe monocytes.
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What is an abnormal increase in the number of WBCs called?
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What is an abnormal increase in the number of RBCs called?
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What is the condition of too few RBCs or RBCs with hemoglobin deficiencies?
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What is an abnormal decrease in the number of WBCs called?
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Broadly speaking, why are hematologic studies of blood so important in the diagnosis of disease?
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What name is given to the process of RBC production?
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What hormone acts as a stimulus for RBC production?
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Why might patients with kidney disease suffer from anemia? How can such patients be treated?
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Define hematocrit.
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Study Notes
Blood Volume and Composition
- Average blood volume for adult males is 5-6 liters; for females, it's 4-5 liters.
- Blood color indicates oxygenation level; bright red signifies high oxygen, dull brick red indicates lower oxygen.
Blood Cells and Types
- Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell (WBC).
- Granulocytes include eosinophils, basophils, and neutrophils.
- Red blood cells (RBCs) are anucleate and transport oxygen.
- Types of phagocytic leukocytes: monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils.
- Agranulocytes consist of monocytes and lymphocytes.
- Megakaryocytes are the precursor cells for platelets.
- Formed elements in blood include RBCs, megakaryocytes, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, neutrophils, and lymphocytes.
Functions of Blood Cells
- Basophils release histamine to promote inflammation.
- Lymphocytes are responsible for antibody production.
- Red blood cells primarily function to transport oxygen.
Plasma Composition
- Plasma is a viscous, sticky fluid matrix primarily made of water.
- Nutrients in plasma include sugar, amino acids, lipids (fatty acids), and vitamins.
- Important gases found in plasma are oxygen and carbon dioxide.
- Ions present in plasma: sodium (Na⁺), chloride (Cl⁻), magnesium (Mg²⁺).
Blood Cell Lifespan and Appearance
- Average lifespan of a red blood cell is 100 to 120 days; lack of a nucleus limits regeneration.
- Eosinophils have large red-staining granules and a bi-lobed nucleus, making up 1-4% of WBCs.
- Neutrophils have pale pink granules and a multilobed nucleus, comprising 40-70% of WBCs.
- Lymphocytes appear as small cells with a pale blue cytoplasm and dark purple nucleus, accounting for 20-45% of WBCs.
- Basophils have sparse dark blue granules that may obscure a U-shaped nucleus, comprising less than 0.5% of WBCs.
- Monocytes feature abundant gray-blue cytoplasm and a kidney-shaped nucleus, making up 4-8% of WBCs.
Blood Conditions
- Leukocytosis refers to an abnormal increase in WBCs; polycythemia is an increase in RBCs.
- Anemia indicates too few RBCs or hemoglobin deficiencies.
- Leukopenia describes an abnormal decrease in WBCs.
Importance of Hematologic Studies
- Hematologic studies are crucial for diagnosing diseases, as changes in formed elements and plasma constituents are indicative of specific conditions.
- Erythropoiesis is the process of producing red blood cells, stimulated by the hormone erythropoietin.
- Kidney disease may result in anemia due to insufficient erythropoietin production, which can be treated with genetically engineered EPO.
- Hematocrit measures the packed cell volume, representing the percentage of blood volume occupied by red blood cells.
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Description
Test your knowledge on blood volume, cell types, and functions. This quiz covers essential information about the composition of blood and the roles of different blood cells. Understand how blood varies between genders and the significance of its color.
