Blood Composition and Cellular Components
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Questions and Answers

What is the ABO system used for?

  • Determining cholesterol levels
  • Measuring blood pressure
  • Classifying blood types (correct)
  • Evaluating heart rate

What does agglutination refer to?

  • The flow of blood through arteries
  • The clumping of particles (correct)
  • The expansion of blood vessels
  • The formation of blood clots

What role do antibodies play in the immune system?

  • Transporting oxygen in the blood
  • Impairing pathogens (correct)
  • Clotting blood
  • Regulating blood pressure

Where does blood enter the heart?

<p>Atria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the aortic valve?

<p>To separate the left ventricle from the aorta (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of blood plasma?

<p>Water and dissolved substances (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by a deficiency in red blood cells?

<p>Anemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the atrioventricular node do?

<p>Controls impulses from the sinoatrial node (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of carbohydrates in the body?

<p>Serving as a source of energy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the cardiovascular system primarily transport?

<p>Oxygen, nutrients, and waste products (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a chemical reaction?

<p>Rearrangement of atoms or molecules (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about cholesterol is accurate?

<p>It is a precursor for steroid synthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a control group in an experiment?

<p>To serve as a standard for comparison (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during diastole?

<p>The heart is relaxed and filling with blood (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of glucose tolerance testing?

<p>To evaluate the body’s ability to metabolize glucose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of biological macromolecule is DNA primarily composed of?

<p>Nucleotide monomers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by the narrowing of the coronary arteries?

<p>Coronary artery disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of hemoglobin in the blood?

<p>Carrying oxygen to tissues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines an eukaryotic organism?

<p>Possesses membrane-bound organelles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by a high level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol?

<p>Decreased risk of heart disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of forensic science?

<p>To apply science to solve legal questions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does electrocardiogram (EKG) serve a medical purpose?

<p>Tracks heart electrical activity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is hyperglycemia?

<p>A condition of excess sugar in the blood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes hydrophilic substances?

<p>Have an affinity for water and dissolve in it (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does insulin play in the body?

<p>It regulates glucose levels in the blood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond is formed by the attraction between oppositely charged ions?

<p>Ionic bond (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines macrophage?

<p>A type of white blood cell active in the immune response (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of an autopsy performed by a medical examiner?

<p>To determine the cause of death in suspicious cases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the heart does the mitral valve guard?

<p>Between the left atrium and left ventricle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In an experiment, what does the independent variable refer to?

<p>The variable manipulated by the researcher (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does metabolic syndrome include?

<p>Obesity, high blood pressure, and high blood sugar (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)?

<p>To amplify DNA in vitro (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement describes a positive control in an experiment?

<p>It is expected to produce a positive result (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is livor mortis?

<p>A pooling of blood causing discoloration after death (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a monomer?

<p>A basic building block of polymers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is part of an organ system?

<p>Multiple organs working together (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the pulmonary artery?

<p>Carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of prokaryotic organisms?

<p>They lack a nucleus. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes systemic circulation?

<p>Delivers oxygenated blood to the body and returns deoxygenated blood to the heart. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the sinoatrial node?

<p>Initiates heart contractions and regulates heart rate. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is considered a purine?

<p>Guanine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a sphygmomanometer measure?

<p>Blood pressure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves cutting DNA molecules into smaller pieces?

<p>Restriction digestion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the pulmonary valve?

<p>Prevents blood from returning into the right ventricle. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'T lymphocyte' refer to?

<p>A type of white blood cell involved in immune response. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the respiratory system primarily do?

<p>Facilitates gas exchange between the body and environment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Type 1 diabetes is characterized by which of the following?

<p>Severe deficiency of insulin. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs)?

<p>They are variations in DNA fragment sizes produced by restriction enzymes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'qualitative' refer to?

<p>The assessment of subjective qualities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of valves in the circulatory system?

<p>To allow movement of blood in only one direction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

ABO system

A system of four blood types (A, AB, B, and O) classified by the presence or absence of certain antigens.

Adenine

A component of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) and ATP, a molecule that carries energy.

Adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP)

A compound composed of adenosine and three phosphate groups. It's the main energy source for cellular processes.

Agglutination

The clumping of particles, often seen in blood when antibodies react with antigens.

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Algor mortis

The change in body temperature after death. The body gradually cools down.

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Anemia

A condition where the blood lacks sufficient red blood cells or functional ones, leading to reduced oxygen levels in the body.

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Antibody

A protein produced by B cells in the blood. Antibodies work to destroy pathogens.

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Antigen

Anything that triggers an immune response.

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Carbohydrate

A compound, such as sugar, starch, and cellulose, found in foods and living tissues that can be broken down and used for energy.

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Cardiology

The field of study focused on the function and diseases of the heart.

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Cardiovascular System

The transport system of the body responsible for carrying oxygen and nutrients to the body and carrying away carbon dioxide and other wastes; composed of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.

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Ionic bond

A chemical bond formed by the attraction between oppositely charged ions.

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Macromolecule

A type of large molecule formed by joining smaller molecules.

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Monomer

A molecule that is the building block of polymers.

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Molecule

A group of atoms held together by chemical bonds.

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Nutrient

Any substance that the body needs to maintain life and health.

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Organ system

A group of organs that work together to perform one or more functions.

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Organelle

Tiny structures that perform a function in a cell.

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Organ

A collection of tissues in an organism that performs a specific function.

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Hypothesis

A statement predicting the anticipated results of an experiment.

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Independent variable

The variable that the researcher intentionally changes to determine its influence on the dependent variable.

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Negative feedback

A mechanism of homeostasis in which a change in a physiological variable triggers a reduction of another variable.

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Nervous system

The body system in vertebrates that is made up of the brain and spinal cord, nerves, ganglia, and parts of the receptor organs.

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Medical history

A record of information about a patient’s past and current health.

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Metabolic syndrome

A group of concurrent diseases that can lead to serious health problems.

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Metastasis

The spread of cancerous cells to other tissues or parts of the body.

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Prognosis

The likely course a disease will take over an individual's lifetime.

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Prokaryotic

Lacking membrane-bound organelles. Unicellular organisms are prokaryotic.

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Pulmonary artery

The large blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.

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Pulmonary circulation

Part of the circulatory system in which deoxygenated blood moves from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs (through arteries) to become oxygenated and then returns to the left side of the heart (through veins).

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Pulmonary valve

A one-way valve by which blood leaves the heart through arteries. The valve prevents blood from returning into the right ventricle.

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Pulmonary vein

The blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.

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Pulse

The rhythmic expansion and recoil of arteries resulting from heart contraction.

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Purine

An aromatic, heterocyclic organic compound that consists of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. Adenine and guanine are purines.

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Pyrimidine

An aromatic, heterocyclic organic compound. Thymine and cytosine are pyrimidines.

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Restriction digestion

The process of cutting DNA molecules into smaller pieces using restriction enzymes.

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Restriction enzyme

A degradative enzyme that recognizes specific nucleotide sequences and cuts DNA at these sequences called restriction sites. Also known as a restriction endonuclease.

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Respiratory rate

The number of breaths an organism takes per minute.

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Respiratory system

A system of organs that functions in the process of gas exchange between the body and the environment. The respiratory system consists of especially the nose, nasal passages, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs, bronchi, and alveoli.

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Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs)

Variations in DNA fragment sizes produced when DNA is cut with restriction enzymes. The variations in length are due to differences in each organism's DNA sequence.

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Study Notes

Blood Composition and Function

  • Blood is classified into four types (A, AB, B, and O) based on antigens.
  • Blood plasma is the pale yellow liquid portion of blood, mostly water, containing dissolved substances like sugars, lipids, waste, amino acids, hormones, and vitamins.
  • Erythrocytes (red blood cells) contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen.
  • Leukocytes (white blood cells) are part of the immune response, lacking hemoglobin.
  • Thrombocytes (platelets) are involved in blood clotting.

Cellular Components

  • Cells are the basic units of life.
  • Biomolecules (macromolecules) are large molecules produced by living organisms, including nucleic acids, carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.
  • Adenine is a purine base found in nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) and ATP.
  • Cytosine is a pyrimidine base in nucleic acids (DNA and RNA).
  • Guanine is a purine base in nucleic acids (DNA and RNA).
  • Thymine is a pyrimidine base in DNA.
  • Uracil is a pyrimidine base in RNA.
  • ATP is a compound composed of adenosine and three phosphates, providing energy for cellular processes.

Cardiovascular System

  • The cardiovascular system transports oxygen and nutrients, and removes carbon dioxide and waste.
  • The heart is the central pump of the system.
  • Arteries carry blood away from the heart; veins return blood to the heart.
  • Atria are the upper chambers of the heart; ventricles are the lower chambers.
  • Valves (e.g., mitral, tricuspid, aortic, pulmonary) prevent backflow of blood.
  • Blood pressure is the pressure exerted on blood vessel walls.
  • The aorta is the largest artery, carrying oxygenated blood from the left ventricle.
  • The inferior vena cava and superior vena cava are major veins returning blood to the right atrium.
  • The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs; the pulmonary vein returns oxygenated blood to the heart.

Immune System

  • Antigens stimulate an immune response.
  • Antibodies (immunoglobulins) are proteins produced by B cells to impair pathogens.
  • B lymphocytes (B cells) mature in bone marrow and produce antibodies.
  • T lymphocytes (T cells) are produced in the thymus and involved in the immune response.
  • Anemia is a condition where blood lacks functional red blood cells, reducing oxygen levels.
  • Hypertension is abnormally high blood pressure.
  • Hyperglycemia is high blood sugar levels; hypoglycemia is low blood sugar levels.
  • Heart attack is damage or death of heart muscle due to insufficient blood supply.
  • Stroke is the sudden loss or reduction of blood supply to the brain, resulting in tissue damage.

Other Key Concepts

  • Agglutination is the clumping of particles.
  • Homeostasis is maintaining stable internal conditions.
  • Metabolism is the chemical reactions of breaking down and building up molecules.
  • Disease is a disorder of structure or function with specific signs/symptoms.
  • Autopsy is a postmortem examination to determine the cause of death.
  • Algor Mortis is the change in body temperature after death.
  • Livor Mortis is blood pooling and skin discoloration after death.
  • Rigor Mortis is the stiffening of muscles after death.
  • Concussion is a head injury with brain movement.
  • Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) is nerve cell degeneration from repeated head injuries.
  • Cholesterol is a lipid essential for cell membranes and hormone synthesis.
  • HDL ("good") cholesterol removes harmful cholesterol; LDL ("bad") can build up in arteries.
  • Insulin is a hormone regulating blood glucose; glucagon raises blood glucose.
  • Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes are forms of diabetes differing in onset and insulin response.
  • Glucose tolerance tests measure the body's glucose metabolism.
  • EKG (electrocardiogram) measures heart electrical activity.
  • Medical history records a patient's past and present health.

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Description

This quiz covers the essentials of blood composition including its types, plasma components, and the role of different cells such as erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes. Additionally, it explores cellular components and biomolecules that are fundamental to life, including nucleotides and ATP. Test your knowledge on these critical biological concepts.

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