Blood Cell Analysis Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the most common blood tube used for collecting plasma?

  • Brownish-red-capped vial
  • Black-capped tube
  • Purple-capped vial (correct)
  • Orange-capped vial

What is the primary function of red blood cells?

To transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

Platelets are large cells responsible for blood clotting.

False (B)

What is the name of the precursor cells that differentiate into red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets?

<p>Hematopoietic stem cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of a complete blood count (CBC)?

<p>Blood glucose levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'anisocytosis' refer to in relation to red blood cells?

<p>Variation in size</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the process by which red blood cells are produced?

<p>Erythropoiesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Reticulocytes are mature red blood cells that lack a nucleus.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common cause of a low reticulocyte count?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main component of red blood cells that gives them their red color?

<p>Hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hematocrit (HCT) measures the percentage of whole blood occupied by red blood cells.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name given to the average volume of a red blood cell?

<p>Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is characterized by abnormally small red blood cells?

<p>Microcytic anemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of a blood smear?

<p>To evaluate the different types of blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe an abnormally low white blood cell count?

<p>Leukopenia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most abundant type of white blood cell in the blood?

<p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

The presence of band neutrophils in a blood smear indicates an active bone marrow response.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the process by which neutrophils move from the marginal pool into the bloodstream?

<p>Demargination</p> Signup and view all the answers

Neutropenia is a condition characterized by an abnormally high neutrophil count.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of white blood cell is typically elevated during allergic reactions and parasitic infections?

<p>Eosinophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

Basophils release histamine and other inflammatory mediators during degranulation.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the largest white blood cells?

<p>Monocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is typically associated with an elevated monocyte count?

<p>Chronic infections (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a decrease in lymphocyte count?

<p>Lymphocytopenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Reactive lymphocytosis is a sign of a healthy immune response.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In SARS-CoV-2 infection, what can cause a decrease in circulating lymphocyte numbers?

<p>Increased cytokine production</p> Signup and view all the answers

Atypical lymphocytosis is a characteristic feature of infectious mononucleosis.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of hemoglobin in red blood cells?

<p>Binding oxygen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mature red blood cells in humans contain a nucleus.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the lifespan of a red blood cell in circulation?

<p>100-120 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

Erythropoiesis occurs in the _____ of the body.

<p>bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their correct definitions:

<p>Anisocytosis = Variation in size of red blood cells Poikilocytosis = Variation in shape of red blood cells Reticulocytes = Immature non-nucleated red blood cells Erythropoietin = Hormone that stimulates red blood cell production</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to reticulocytes after they enter the bloodstream?

<p>They lose their RNA within 1-3 days. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A reticulocyte count provides a direct measure of the number of mature red blood cells in circulation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What increase in production stimulates erythropoiesis in response to hypoxia?

<p>Erythropoietin (EPO)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What indicates a reduction in neutrophil count and is associated with an increased risk of infections?

<p>Neutropenia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Eosinophils are primarily involved in the hypersensitivity response associated with allergic disorders.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological condition can lead to neutrophilia?

<p>Infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

A condition characterized by the presence of ______ is commonly associated with allergic disorders.

<p>eosinophilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following conditions with their associated white blood cell changes:

<p>Neutropenia = Increased risk of infection Eosinophilia = Allergic disorders Neutrophilia = Active immune response Basophilia = Inflammatory reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common cause of neutropenia?

<p>Intense physical activity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Basophils increase during parasitic infections.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

List one physiological or pathological stimulus that can cause the release of neutrophils from the marginal pool into circulation.

<p>Cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of platelets in the blood?

<p>Stop bleeding by forming a plug (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The purple-capped vial used for blood collection contains additives that prevent coagulation.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical range of white blood cells (WBCs) in the blood per microliter?

<p>4,800-10,800</p> Signup and view all the answers

After centrifugation, the two components of blood are _____ and _____ elements.

<p>plasma, cellular</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of stem cells gives rise to erythrocytes, platelets, and granulocytes?

<p>Lymphoid stem cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The black-capped tube is specifically used for _____ tests.

<p>erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the blood cell type with its characteristic:

<p>Erythrocytes = Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide Leukocytes = Fight infections Platelets = Form plugs to stop bleeding Reticulocytes = Immature red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

The highest number of cellular elements present in blood are leukocytes.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for hemoglobin (HGB) in females?

<p>12.0-16.0 g/dL (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The presence of hypochromia in red blood cells indicates a higher than normal content of hemoglobin.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition might be assessed with a blood smear if a patient shows unexplained jaundice?

<p>Lysis of red blood cells or hemolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

The normal range for white blood cells (WBC) is _____ X 10^3/µL.

<p>4.5-11.0</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

<p>Anisocytosis = Variation in red blood cell sizes Hypochromia = Paler red blood cells due to less hemoglobin Macrocytosis = Increased number of large red blood cells Microcytosis = Increased number of small red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions can be indicated by examining a blood smear?

<p>Chronic infection (A), Thrombocytopenia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Megaloblastic anemia may result from vitamin B12 or folic acid deficiency.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does MCV stand for in a complete blood count?

<p>Mean Corpuscular Volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is typically associated with elevated lymphocyte counts that suggest an immune response?

<p>Acute viral infections (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Monocytopenia can indicate impaired production of monocytes and is associated with leukemia.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do monocytes play during the transition to the recovery phase of an infection?

<p>Facilitating tissue repair and resolution of inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

An increase in basophils is known as __________.

<p>basophilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following immune conditions with their respective causes of lympocytopenia:

<p>Lupus = Autoimmune disorder HIV = Viral infection Chemotherapy = Treatment affecting all blood cell lineages Corticosteroids = Medication influencing immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of lymphocytosis is usually linked to neoplastic transformations like tumors and leukemias?

<p>Primary lymphocytosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A decrease in circulating lymphocyte numbers during SARS-CoV-2 infection indicates a healthy immune response.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name two chronic infections that are typically associated with monocytosis.

<p>Tuberculosis and fungal infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the response of HSCs to pro-inflammatory signals during infection?

<p>Cytokine expansion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Band neutrophils are a mature form of neutrophils that indicate a robust proliferation rate in the bone marrow.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What specific effect do inflammatory signals have on the fate of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)?

<p>Inflammatory signals push HSCs to divide in response to infections and cytokines, while also pulling them due to depletion of progenitor populations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A shift to the left in neutrophil nuclear segmentation indicates an increase in ______ neutrophils.

<p>immature</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of neutrophil with its corresponding description:

<p>Band neutrophils = Immature form of neutrophils that indicates high bone marrow activity Segmented neutrophils = Mature neutrophils with divided nuclei Left shift = Presence of more immature neutrophils in circulation Arneth formula = A system for assessing neutrophil nuclear segmentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the homeostatic conditions for HSCs?

<p>Controlled by BM niche signals and basal levels of cytokines (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lymphoid output is increased in response to pro-inflammatory signals.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a high presence of band neutrophils in the blood suggest?

<p>An active bone marrow response due to infections or inflammation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Complete Blood Count (CBC)

A blood test panel that evaluates the three types of cells circulating in the blood: red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets.

Plasma

The liquid portion of blood, obtained after centrifuging a blood sample, containing clotting factors.

Purple-capped Vial (EDTA tube)

A small, purple-capped vial used for blood collection. It contains EDTA, an anticoagulant, preventing blood from clotting.

Hematocrit (HCT)

The amount of space occupied by packed red blood cells in a volume of blood. It is measured after centrifuging a blood sample.

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Hematopoietic Stem Cell (HSC)

A specialized cell in bone marrow that gives rise to all blood cell types.

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Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)

A measurement of the average volume of a red blood cell, indicated in femtoliters (fl) or cubic micrometers (µm3).

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Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH)

A measurement of the average weight of hemoglobin within a red blood cell, expressed in picograms (pg).

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Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC)

A measurement of the average concentration of hemoglobin in a given volume of packed red blood cells, expressed in grams per deciliter (g/dL) or percentage (%).

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Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW)

A measurement of the variation in size of red blood cells, indicating the heterogeneity in their size. Expressed as a percentage.

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Blood Smear or Blood Film

A microscopic examination of a blood sample, where blood cells are spread thinly on a glass slide and stained for visualization.

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Megaloblastic Anemia

A form of anemia where red blood cells are abnormally large, often due to deficiencies in vitamin B12 or folate.

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Eosinophils

A type of white blood cell that plays a key role in allergic reactions and asthma. Their numbers may rise due to parasitic infections, allergies, or asthma.

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Basophils

A type of granular white blood cell that contains histamine and other inflammatory mediators. They are involved in hypersensitivity reactions.

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Monocytes

The largest type of white blood cell, which patrols tissues, eliminates pathogens and particulate matter, and eventually differentiates into macrophages.

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Lymphocytes

A type of white blood cell that originates in bone marrow and lymphoid tissues. Responsible for immune responses.

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Leukopenia

A reduction in the number of white blood cells in circulation. It can be caused by bone marrow suppression, autoimmune diseases, or infections.

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Leukocytosis

An increase in the number of white blood cells in circulation. Often a sign of infection, inflammation, or certain malignancies.

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Neutropenia

A decrease in the absolute number of neutrophils in the bloodstream. It can increase the risk of infection, as neutrophils are crucial for fighting bacterial infections.

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Neutrophilia

An increase in the absolute number of neutrophils in the bloodstream. Often associated with bacterial infections, inflammation, or tissue damage.

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Absolute Neutrophil Count (ANC)

A measurement of the total number of neutrophils in the blood, calculated by multiplying the percentage of neutrophils by the total white blood count.

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Cytokine Storm

A condition characterized by an excessive release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, often seen in severe viral infections like COVID-19, leading to immune dysregulation.

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Atypical Lymphocytosis

A condition characterized by the presence of abnormally large lymphocytes in the bloodstream, commonly associated with infectious mononucleosis.

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Microcytic Anemia

A type of anemia characterized by a decrease in the size of red blood cells, often associated with iron deficiency or chronic disease.

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Polycythemia

An abnormal increase in the production of red blood cells, leading to a higher-than-normal hematocrit.

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Hemoglobin (Hb)

A red pigment molecule found in red blood cells, responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body.

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Erythropoiesis

The process of red blood cell production, occurring primarily in the bone marrow.

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Reticulocytes

Immature red blood cells that retain RNA and continue to synthesize hemoglobin in the bloodstream. Used to assess the rate of red blood cell production.

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Hypochromic Anemia

A form of anemia where red blood cells are paler than normal due to less hemoglobin.

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Iron Deficiency Anemia

A form of anemia caused by a lack of iron, typically due to dietary deficiency, blood loss, or impaired iron absorption.

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Anemia of Chronic Disease

Also known as anemia of inflammation, it is characterized by a decrease in red blood cell size and production due to chronic inflammation .

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Thalassemias

A group of inherited disorders affecting the production of hemoglobin, leading to abnormal red blood cells.

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Pancytopenia

A condition where the bone marrow produces too few red blood cells, often due to vitamin B12 or folate deficiencies.

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Thrombocytosis

An abnormal increase in the number of platelets in the blood, potentially leading to clotting complications.

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Neutrophils

A type of white blood cell that plays a key role in immunity, recognizing and destroying pathogens.

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Margination

A process where neutrophils in the bloodstream adhere to the walls of blood vessels, creating a reserve of cells that can be mobilized during infection or inflammation.

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Coomb's Test

A test for the presence of antibodies that bind to red blood cells, used to diagnose autoimmune hemolytic anemia, which is a condition where the immune system attacks and destroys red blood cells.

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Hemoglobin

A red pigment molecule found in red blood cells, responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body.

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Hematocrit

The amount of space occupied by packed red blood cells in a volume of blood. It is measured after centrifuging a blood sample.

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Anisocytosis

Variation in the size of red blood cells.

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Poikilocytosis

Variation in the shape of red blood cells.

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Hypochromia

A decrease in the size of red blood cells, often caused by a decline in hemoglobin levels, leading to a paler color than normal.

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Macrocytosis

An increase in the number of red blood cells that are larger than normal. Often observed in conditions like vitamin B12 or folate deficiency.

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Marginal Pool

A pool of neutrophils that adhere to the walls of blood vessels, ready to be deployed when needed.

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Margination to Circulation

The process where neutrophils in the marginal pool move into circulation, ready to combat infection or inflammation.

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Eosinopenia

A decrease in the number of eosinophils in the blood, which usually lacks clinical significance.

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Basopenia

A decrease in the number of basophils in the blood, which typically lacks clinical significance.

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HSC dormancy

A state where hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are inactive and not actively producing blood cells. This state is maintained by signals from the bone marrow niche and low levels of inflammatory cytokines.

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Lineage priming

The process where HSCs are prepared to differentiate into specific blood cell types. This is influenced by signals from the bone marrow niche and low levels of inflammatory cytokines.

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Inflammatory signal 'push' on HSCs

HSCs are stimulated to divide and produce more blood cells, mainly megakaryocytes (which form platelets) and myeloid cells, in response to the presence of inflammatory signals during infections or inflammation.

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Inflammatory signal 'pull' on HSCs

HSCs are stimulated to divide and produce more blood cells when the number of mature blood cells in the bone marrow decreases. This is a response to the need for replenishing the blood cell pool.

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Band neutrophil

An immature neutrophil, characterized by a less divided nucleus compared to mature ones. Its presence signifies active bone marrow production in response to infections, inflammation, or other conditions.

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Segmented neutrophil

A mature neutrophil with a segmented nucleus, indicating that the cell is fully functional and ready for action against pathogens.

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Arneth formula

A system to classify neutrophils based on the number and arrangement of their nuclear lobes. The number of lobes can be used to assess bone marrow activity and the immune response.

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Shift to the left

A shift in the Arneth formula towards an increased proportion of band neutrophils (immature neutrophils) compared to segmented neutrophils (mature neutrophils). This suggests active bone marrow production as a response to infection, inflammation, or other stimuli.

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Lymphocytopenia

A decrease in the number of lymphocytes in circulation. It can be caused by autoimmune conditions like lupus, infections like HIV or influenza, cancer treatments like chemotherapy, and certain medications like corticosteroids.

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Reactive Lymphocytosis

An increase in the number of lymphocytes in circulation. Usually caused by the body's response to an infection, especially viral ones. It can also occur due to chronic inflammatory disorders, trauma, or surgery.

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Primary Lymphocytosis

An increase in the number of lymphocytes in circulation. Often linked to the development of a tumor, leukemia or lymphoma.

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Lymphocyte Count in SARS-CoV-2 Infection

The number of lymphocytes, especially CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, decreases significantly depending on the severity of the disease.

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Study Notes

Blood Cell Analysis

  • Blood analysis assesses platelets, white blood cells (WBCs), and red blood cells (RBCs).
  • Blood samples are centrifuged to separate plasma from cellular elements.
  • Platelets comprise 0.1% of whole blood.
  • White blood cells (WBCs) make up 0.1% of the whole blood sample.
  • Red blood cells (RBCs) compose 99.9% of the whole blood.
  • Plasma constitutes 46-63% of the whole blood.
  • Formed elements (formed by platelets and blood cells) constitute 37-54% of the whole blood.

Blood Collection

  • Blood tube types vary depending on the test.
  • EDTA tubes prevent clotting, allowing all blood cells to be analyzed.
  • Orange-capped vials contain thrombin, an accelerator to speed up coagulation, for serum collection.
  • Brownish-red-capped vials allow normal coagulation, for serum collection.
  • Black-topped tubes are used for erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) tests.

Cellular Elements

  • Erythrocytes (RBCs) are the most abundant blood cells (4-6 million/µL), responsible for oxygen and carbon dioxide transport.
  • Leukocytes (WBCs) range from 4,800-10,800/μL, and form from the lymphatic system.
  • Platelets (thrombocytes) originate from megakaryocytes (bone marrow cells), and function in blood clotting.
  • Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) reside in the bone marrow, and differentiate into myeloid and lymphoid stem cells.
  • Myeloid stem cells produce erythrocytes, platelets, and granulocytes.
  • Lymphoid stem cells produce lymphocytes.

Complete Blood Count (CBC)

  • CBC is a panel of tests assessing red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets.
  • Cells are separated by size via apertures: platelets are smallest, RBCs are medium, and WBCs are largest.
  • CBC is used for general health screening and to diagnose various health conditions.
  • CBC can be used when there are signs and symptoms related to blood cell disorders, or to monitor the severity of an existing condition.
  • CBC is also used to monitor the effectiveness of a treatment.
  • Abnormal results necessitate further tests to determine if the patient has a severe condition.

Red Blood Cells (RBCs) or Erythrocytes

  • RBCs are flexible biconcave disks without a nucleus.
  • They are the most abundant cells in the blood.
  • Their cytoplasm is rich in haemoglobin, responsible for the red color of the blood.
  • RBCs circulate for 100-120 days before removal by macrophages.
  • Normal RBCs exhibit a central pallor.
  • RBC analysis might reveal anisocytosis (variation in size) or poikilocytosis (variation in shape).

Reticulocyte Count

  • Reticulocytes are immature RBCs, retaining RNA and increasing hemoglobin
  • A reticulocyte count helps assess red blood cell generation rates.
  • Normal reticulocyte index is less than 3%.
  • Increased index suggests a response to blood loss or anemia.

Hemoglobin (Hb)

  • Hb is a red blood cell pigment essential for oxygen transport.
  • Measuring Hb helps diagnose anemia.
  • Normal Hb levels differ based on gender and age.

Hematocrit (HCT)

  • HCT measures the percentage of blood volume occupied by RBCs.
  • It's a critical parameter in assessing anemia and polycythemia (abnormal increase in RBCs).
  • Normal HCT values differ based on gender.

RBC Indices

  • These calculations provide physical characteristics of RBCs, including MCV (mean corpuscular volume), MCH (mean corpuscular hemoglobin), MCHC (mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration), and RDW (red cell distribution width).

CBC Components and Normal Ranges

  • Includes values for WBCs, RBCs, hemoglobin, hematocrit, MCV, MCH, MCHC, and RDW. Numerical values are generally provided for various populations (males, females, etc).

Blood Smear / Film Analysis

  • Visual examination of blood to assess cell morphology, to diagnose conditions affecting blood cell populations.
  • Used in conjunction with CBC results to get a clearer analysis

White Blood Cell (WBC) Analysis

  • Monocytes: largest white blood cells differentiating into macrophages, playing a role in tissue repair and immune response.
  • Lymphocytes: originate in bone marrow and secondary lymph tissues, crucial in immune responses.
  • Variations in WBC count (e.g., leukopenia, leukocytosis) indicate various conditions.
  • Lymphocytes are subdivided into T lymphocytes and plasma cells.
  • Infections, inflammation, or malignancies can affect respective cell counts.

Eosinophils

  • Eosinophils are primary role in combating parasitic infections; also implicated in allergic reactions (e.g. asthma) and certain inflammatory conditions.

Basophils

  • Basophils are granular cells associated with allergic reactions, releasing histamine and other inflammatory mediators.

Additional Information

  • Direct/Indirect Coombs test are performed for suspected autoimmune hemolytic anemia.
  • Bone marrow suppression factors are linked to chemotherapy.
  • Various blood disorders (e.g., anemia, infections, inflammation) might affect blood cell counts.
  • Cytokine release can impact blood cell levels in severe conditions (e.g., COVID-19).

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Description

This quiz tests your knowledge on blood cell analysis, focusing on the different types of blood cells, their composition, and the procedures used in blood collection. You'll learn about the roles of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in the body's circulatory system. Challenge yourself to determine how these components are analyzed in laboratory settings.

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