Automated Blood Cell Analysis Overview
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Questions and Answers

What effect does protein buildup have on the orifice diameter in earlier systems?

  • It increases the orifice diameter.
  • It decreases the orifice diameter. (correct)
  • It has no effect on the orifice diameter.
  • It intermittently alters the orifice diameter.

    • What is a negative consequence of protein buildup in cell counting systems?

  • It enhances cell counts.
  • It improves electrical resistance.
  • It stabilizes the flow of cells.
  • It leads to falsely elevated cell volumes. (correct)

    • What was a requirement for older impedance instruments that is now mitigated in current designs?

  • Regular software updates.
  • Manual cleaning of apertures. (correct)
  • Connection to external power sources.
  • Calibration before each use.

    • What does coincident passage of multiple cells through the orifice cause?

    <p>Artificially large pulses. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way that modern impedance instruments minimize carryover of cells from one sample to another?

    <p>Incorporating burn circuits. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does increased electrical resistance affect cell flow in older systems?

    <p>It slows down the flow of cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can falsely decreased cell counts result from?

    <p>Coincident passage loss. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What internal feature do current impedance instruments utilize to combat protein buildup?

    <p>Burn circuits. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does side scatter primarily correlate with in terms of cellular analysis?

    <p>The degree of internal complexity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which angle range is associated with forward high-angle scatter?

    <p>5 to 15 degrees (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a capability of larger flow cytometers?

    <p>Basic sample analysis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does differential scatter primarily combine?

    <p>Low-angle scatter and high-angle forward light scatter (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are scatter properties typically visualized in flow cytometry analysis?

    <p>Via two-dimensional cytograms or scatterplots (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key role of computer software in flow cytometers?

    <p>Providing automatic start-up and shutdown functions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor varies the most regarding specimen handling in flow cytometers?

    <p>The type of cytometer used (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of data can be extracted from the cytograms generated by flow cytometers?

    <p>Quantitative and qualitative information (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Beckman Coulter's rotated light scatter detection algorithms?

    <p>To separate cells with similar volume but different scatter characteristics. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which measurement is primarily used to initially separate nucleated RBCs from WBCs in the UniCel DxH 800?

    <p>Axial light loss (AL2) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the UniCel DxH 800 identify and count nucleated RBCs?

    <p>Through algorithms applied to data collected from multiple light scatter measurements. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the watershed concept in the UniCel DxH 800's operation?

    <p>To search for established populations and aid in determining counts. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the combination of technologies in the UniCel DxH 800 primarily aim to achieve?

    <p>To provide a three-dimensional cytograph of WBC populations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which parameter is NOT one of the scatter measurements used by the UniCel DxH 800?

    <p>Capillary light absorption (CLA) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which company manufactures the comprehensive line of hematology analyzers including the UniCel DxH 800?

    <p>Beckman Coulter (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'data transformation' refer to in the context of the UniCel DxH 800?

    <p>Applying algorithms to separate and count cell populations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of lymphocytes (LY) in the suspected lymphocytosis case?

    <p>51.3% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood component shows an abnormal distribution in the suspected case?

    <p>Red Blood Cells (RBC) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the White Blood Cell (WBC) count in the normal distribution sample?

    <p>4.3 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which parameter indicates a possible anemia condition based on HGB values?

    <p>HGB 10.6 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the MCV value in the suspected abnormal distribution case?

    <p>80.6 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which white blood cell type has the lowest percentage in the normal case?

    <p>Eosinophils (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an RDW of 19.9 suggest in the suspected case?

    <p>High variability in red cell size (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the platelet count (PLT) in the suspected case compare to the normal range?

    <p>Normal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the WBC data correlate with in the Sapphire printout?

    <p>Differential count data (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technique does the Sapphire use to measure different cell populations?

    <p>Computerized cluster analysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which additional information is displayed under CBC data according to the Sapphire printout?

    <p>Nucleated RBC and reticulocyte data (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the tungsten-halogen darkfield optics system in the Sapphire?

    <p>To measure absorbance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if significant interference occurs in the WBC-BASO count?

    <p>The instrument substitutes the WBC-PEROX value (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which types of cell populations are classified by the computerized cluster analysis in the Sapphire?

    <p>Both normal and abnormal clusters (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Sapphire system, which scatter measurements are plotted for WBCs?

    <p>7-degree versus 90-degree and 0-degree versus 90-degree depolarized scatter (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the dark precipitate noted in the Sapphire report?

    <p>It signifies the presence of peroxidase-containing cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cellular components are indicated to fall below the basophils in a blood analysis?

    <p>Reactive lymphocytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following indicators reflects a lack of distinct separation in WBC clusters?

    <p>WBC immaturity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the provided blood analysis, what is the MCV value reported?

    <p>84.7 fL (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells uniquely cluster below the mononuclear cells in a blood smear analysis?

    <p>Blast cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by the presence of NRBC in the provided blood test?

    <p>Presence of nucleated red blood cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an increased RDW value suggest about red blood cell populations?

    <p>Anisocytosis or variation in RBC size (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following parameters shows a high value in the blood analysis provided?

    <p>WBC at 8.62 X103 cells/!L (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the high value of Retic at 2.13 % suggest about the bone marrow activity?

    <p>Increased rate of reticulocyte production (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the value of MCH indicate in the blood analysis?

    <p>Mean corpuscular hemoglobin content per cell (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of the blood analysis is indicated by the high value of MPV at 9.4 fL?

    <p>Increased number of large platelets (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Automated Blood Cell Analysis

    • Automated blood cell analysis has replaced manual methods for accuracy and precision, except in phase platelet counting.
    • Analyzers are marketed by various manufacturers, providing eight standard hematology parameters (complete blood count [CBC]) plus differential counts in less than a minute.
    • Automation provides efficient workload management and aids timely diagnosis.
    • Automated cell analysis primarily relies on two principles: electronic impedance and optical scatter.

    General Principles

    • Electronic Impedance: Low-voltage direct current (DC) resistance is measured as cells pass through a small aperture, generating voltage pulses proportional to the cell volume.
    • Optical Scatter: Uses laser or non-laser light to analyze cell volume, internal complexity (refractive index or hemoglobin concentration), and other characteristics. Forward scatter relates to volume, while side scatter relates to internal complexity.

    Principal Instruments

    • Beckman Coulter: Uses impedance and multiple light-scatter angles (volume, conductivity).
    • Sysmex: Employs impedance and radiofrequency (RF) resistance, including multiple angle light scatter analysis for differential counting.
    • Abbott: Relies on optical scatter (primary measurement) and impedance (secondary measurement) for counting cells.
    • Siemens: Employs a combination of techniques like light scatter and absorption for measuring cell properties.

    Automated Reticulocyte Counting

    • Manual reticulocyte counting is inaccurate and imprecise.
    • Automation uses flow cytometry (fluorescent/light scatter).
    • Automated methods improve precision, allowing for improved anemia diagnosis and monitoring.
    • Multiple parameters, such as reticulocyte hemoglobin content (CHr) and immature reticulocyte fraction (IRF), quantify different reticulocyte stages.

    Limitations and Interferences

    • Specimen Limitations: Cold agglutinins, icterus, and lipemia can interfere with certain measurements.
    • Instrument Limitations: Methodology limitations may cause errors, like miscounting cell fragments as platelets. Errors in lysis and shrinkage of cellular components due to specimen age are common problems.
    • Analyzers may flag errors due to interferences and specimen limitations.
    • Calibration is critical in automated blood cell analysis. Calibration standards and procedures are crucial to ensure accuracy.

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    Related Documents

    Automated Blood Cell Analysis PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the principles and procedures of automated blood cell analysis, highlighting its advantages over manual methods. Participants will learn about the mechanisms such as electronic impedance and optical scatter that are crucial for accurate hematology parameters. Gain insight into how automation enhances workload management and supports timely diagnosis.

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