Introduction to Clinical Laboratory Hematology 1

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Questions and Answers

Which hemoglobin variant is associated with fetal development?

Hb-S

Hb-F (correct)

Hb-A2

Hb-A

What is the role of CD34+ cells in hematopoiesis?

They differentiate into one specific blood cell type.

They solely produce plasma cells.

They are responsible for self-renewal and can give rise to multiple cell lines. (correct)

They primarily function as mature blood cells.

Under what condition might extramedullary hematopoiesis occur in adults?

During the first trimester of pregnancy.

When blood cells are produced exclusively in the lungs.

During normal blood cell turnover.

When bone marrow capacity is exceeded. (correct)

Which components are seen in the hematopoietic hierarchy?

CD34+, CD38- cells. Signup and view all the answers

What organs may produce blood cells if the need arises in adults?

Liver and spleen Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of erythrocytes in the blood?

Transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide Signup and view all the answers

Which blood component is primarily responsible for preventing excessive blood loss?

Platelets Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of blood is composed of plasma?

55% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about serum and plasma is correct?

Serum is blood plasma minus fibrinogen. Signup and view all the answers

What is the average blood volume in a human adult?

5 liters Signup and view all the answers

In hematopoiesis, where does the production and maturation of blood cells primarily occur in adults?

Red Bone Marrow Signup and view all the answers

Which type of protein in plasma accounts for approximately 7% of plasma composition?

Albumin Signup and view all the answers

Which blood cell type is categorized as agranulocytes?

Lymphocytes Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal pH range of blood?

7.35 - 7.45 Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of leukocytes in the blood?

Body defense and immunity Signup and view all the answers

Which type of needle is specifically designed for the Syringe Technique?

Butterfly Needle Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended approach to inserting a needle in large prominent veins?

Run the needle along the vein Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a technique or device used for venipuncture mentioned?

Vacutainer Signup and view all the answers

For which technique is the Luer Lock needle primarily used?

Evacuated Tube Technique Signup and view all the answers

What is a common safety concern when performing venipuncture on large veins?

Inserting the needle too far Signup and view all the answers

Which type of needle is indicated for the Monovette Technique?

Safety Multifly Needle Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using large prominent veins during venipuncture?

They are easier to locate and access. Signup and view all the answers

What should all biological specimens be considered due to the potential presence of infectious agents?

Biohazardous Signup and view all the answers

What should be avoided while running the needle along large prominent veins?

Inserting the needle through the vein Signup and view all the answers

Which activity can potentially cause biohazards to become airborne?

Removing tube stoppers Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential route of biohazards exposure through the skin?

Pre-existing breaks in the skin Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a recommended way to prevent biohazard ingestion in the laboratory?

Covering mouth with hands when coughing Signup and view all the answers

Which body fluid is considered a significant biohazard due to its potential infectious agents?

Spinal fluid Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following practices can lead to biohazards causing exposure through ingestion?

Reading lab notes without sanitizing hands first Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern regarding biohazards in a hematology laboratory?

Infection from blood specimens Signup and view all the answers

What should be done to minimize the risk of biohazard exposure through non-intact skin?

Ensure all skin is intact before working Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common preanalytical error that can occur during specimen collection?

Hemolysis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following preanalytical errors is associated with a 17% occurrence rate in specimen collection?

Underfilling Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes interfering factors from influencing factors in specimen collection?

Interfering factors change the concentration of analytes while influencing factors alter test results. Signup and view all the answers

Which preanalytical error is least likely to occur during specimen collection?

Blood Clot Signup and view all the answers

How do influencing factors affect specimens during collection?

They can change analytes' concentrations depending on various conditions. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Hematology Overview

Study focused on blood cells and coagulation, including blood cell concentration, structure, and functionality.
Investigates precursors in bone marrow, plasma constituents, and functions of platelets and coagulation proteins.

General Characteristics of Blood

Blood is classified as a liquid connective tissue.
An adult human has approximately five liters of blood, which constitutes 6-8% of total body weight.
Normal blood pH ranges from 7.35 to 7.45.

Historical Development of Hematology

Athanasius Kircher (1657) described "worms" in blood.
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (1674) provided early observations of blood.
Guilio Bizzozero in the late 1800s identified platelets, calling them “Petites Plaques.”
James Homer Wright (1902) improved blood cell visualization with advanced staining techniques.

Blood Composition

Blood consists of 55% plasma and 45% formed elements.
Plasma is primarily composed of 91% water, 7% proteins, and various nutrients and waste products.
Formed elements include erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and platelets.

Formed Elements of Blood

Erythrocytes are anucleated, organelle-free, and biconcave, facilitating gas exchange.
Leukocytes are immune cells divided into granulocytes (neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils) and agranulocytes (monocytes, lymphocytes).
Platelets are cellular fragments essential for hemostasis, preventing excessive blood loss.

Serum vs. Plasma

Serum is blood plasma minus fibrinogen, obtained after clotting.
Plasma includes all coagulation proteins, including fibrinogen, extracted without clotting.

General Functions of Blood

Delivers oxygen and nutrients to cells.
Eliminates carbon dioxide and waste from cells.
Regulates body temperature and pH balance.
Facilitates immunity and body defense.
Involved in coagulation and transport of hormones and cytokines.

Hematopoiesis

The process of producing and maturing blood cells.
In adults, the primary site for hematopoiesis is the red bone marrow.

Laboratory Safety

Awareness of workplace hazards is critical, especially related to specimen collection and waste disposal.
Biohazards are defined as anything potentially harmful to health, often present in body fluids like blood and urine.

Biological Hazards in Hematology

Blood can harbor infectious agents (e.g., hepatitis, HIV), necessitating strict handling precautions.
All biological specimens should be regarded as potentially biohazardous.

Exposure Routes for Biohazards

Airborne: Biohazards may become airborne through processes like centrifugation.
Ingestion: Risk increases when hygienic practices are neglected, such as eating without sanitizing hands.
Non-intact skin: Potential entry of biohazards through cuts, abrasions, or dermatitis.

Common Preanalytical Errors

Significant errors in laboratory testing can include:
- Hemolysis (44%)
- Underfilling (17%)
- Blood clot formation (8%)

Interfering vs. Influencing Factors

Interfering factors alter test results, while influencing factors modify the concentration of analytes analyzed.

Extramedullary Hematopoiesis

Occurs in the liver and spleen when blood production exceeds bone marrow capacity, expanding hematopoiesis to long bones and other sites.

Hematopoietic Hierarchy

Stem cell characterization involves CD34+, CD38- markers, which indicate self-renewal and differentiation into specific cell lines.

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Description

This quiz covers the fundamentals of clinical laboratory hematology, focusing on the study of blood cells and coagulation. It includes the analysis of blood cell concentration, structure, and function, as well as the relationships between blood components and coagulation processes.