Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following antigens are part of the MNS blood group system?
Which of the following antigens are part of the MNS blood group system?
- K and k
- M and N (correct)
- JKb and JKa
- Fya and Fyb
What type of antibodies are anti-S and anti-s in the MNS blood group system?
What type of antibodies are anti-S and anti-s in the MNS blood group system?
- IgM and clinically insignificant
- IgA and cause mild reactions
- IgG and clinically significant (correct)
- IgE and reactive at room temperature
Which blood group system is associated with a higher immunogenicity, second to the Rh antigen?
Which blood group system is associated with a higher immunogenicity, second to the Rh antigen?
- MNS system
- Kell system (correct)
- Kidd system
- Duffy system
What type of reaction can anti-Fya and anti-Fyb antibodies cause?
What type of reaction can anti-Fya and anti-Fyb antibodies cause?
What is a significant characteristic of Duffy blood group individuals in relation to malaria?
What is a significant characteristic of Duffy blood group individuals in relation to malaria?
Which immunoglobulin is the only one that can cross the placenta?
Which immunoglobulin is the only one that can cross the placenta?
What type of antibody do Lewis antibodies represent?
What type of antibody do Lewis antibodies represent?
Which blood group system is considered most important for blood transfusion?
Which blood group system is considered most important for blood transfusion?
Anti-I is known to be associated with which characteristic?
Anti-I is known to be associated with which characteristic?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the Ii blood group system?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the Ii blood group system?
What is a potential consequence of the anti-P antibody?
What is a potential consequence of the anti-P antibody?
Which of the following antibodies is known to rarely cause hemolytic transfusion reactions?
Which of the following antibodies is known to rarely cause hemolytic transfusion reactions?
What is the principal Ig that is made first by B cells when stimulated by an antigen?
What is the principal Ig that is made first by B cells when stimulated by an antigen?
What is the primary function of an antigen?
What is the primary function of an antigen?
What does the process of sensitization involve?
What does the process of sensitization involve?
At what temperature do warm reacting antibodies exhibit optimal agglutination?
At what temperature do warm reacting antibodies exhibit optimal agglutination?
Which Ig class is associated with the first response to a new infection?
Which Ig class is associated with the first response to a new infection?
What characterizes cold reacting antibodies?
What characterizes cold reacting antibodies?
What is the grading system for agglutination used by the American Association of Blood Banks (AABB)?
What is the grading system for agglutination used by the American Association of Blood Banks (AABB)?
Which antigen-antibody interaction leads to the destruction of red blood cells?
Which antigen-antibody interaction leads to the destruction of red blood cells?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of cold reacting antibodies?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of cold reacting antibodies?
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Study Notes
Blood Banking: Other Blood Group Systems
- Antigen: A substance that elicits an immune response.
- Antibody: An immunoglobulin produced by the immune system that binds to antigens.
- Sensitization: Binding of antigen and antibody, with or without agglutination.
- Agglutination: Clumping of red blood cells caused by the binding of antibody to antigen on the cell surface.
Cold and Warm Reacting Antibodies
- Cold Reacting Antibodies: Bind best at or below room temperature.
- Warm Reacting Antibodies: Bind best at 37°C (body temperature).
Grades of Agglutination
- 4+: One solid aggregate of red blood cells.
- 3+: Several large aggregates.
- 2+: Medium sized aggregates with a clear background.
- 1+: Small aggregates with a turbid background giving a granular appearance.
- Weak (w): Tiny aggregates seen only under microscope.
- Negative: All cells are free.
Immunoglobulin Classes
- IgG: Gamma heavy chains, major serum and extravascular space immunoglobulin, the only immunoglobulin that crosses the placenta.
- IgM: Mu heavy chains, third most common serum immunoglobulin, the first immunoglobulin made by the fetus and by B cells when stimulated by antigen.
- IgA: Alpha heavy chains.
- IgD: Delta heavy chains.
- IgE: Epsilon heavy chains.
Other Blood Group Systems
-
Lewis System:
- Antigens: Lea and Leb
- Antibodies: Cold-reacting, IgM, bind complement, no clinical significance.
- Antibodies can be neutralized by the Lewis antigens in donor plasma.
- Transfused red cells acquire the Lewis phenotype of the recipient.
- Do not cause HDN (do not cross the placenta).
-
Ii System:
- Antigens: I antigen present on almost all red cells, i antigen can be present in the absence of I.
- Antibodies:
- Anti-i: Cold-reactive IgM, binds complement, rarely causes HTR.
- Anti-I: Cold-reactive autoagglutinin, clinically insignificant.
-
P System:
- Antigens: P1 and P
- Antibodies:
- Anti-P1: Cold-reactive IgM, clinically insignificant.
- Anti-P: Reacts best at room temperature (IgG), associated with recurrent abortions, can cause HTR.
-
MNSs System:
- Antigens: M, N, S, and s.
- Antibodies:
- Anti-M and Anti-N: IgM, clinically insignificant, react at room temperature.
- Anti-S and Anti-s: Clinically significant, IgG, can cause RBC destruction (HTR) and HDN (warm reacting).
-
Kell System:
- Antigens: K and k
- Antibodies:
- IgG, produced after an immune response (transfusion or pregnancy).
- Clinically significant.
-
Kidd System:
- Antigens: JKa and JKb
- Antibodies:
- Anti-JKa and Anti-JKb: IgG, mild HDN and delayed HTR.
-
Duffy System:
- Antigens: Fya and Fyb
- Antibodies:
- Anti-Fya and Anti-Fyb: Warm reacting, can cause HTR and HDN.
- Association with Malaria: Duffy negative individuals are resistant to a West African malaria parasite.
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