Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the ABO system in transfusion medicine?
To classify blood into four major groups based on antigen presence
What kind of antibodies are naturally occurring in the majority of individuals without previous RBC exposure?
Reciprocal antibodies
What is the field of study that focuses on antigen-antibody reactions as they relate to blood disorders?
Immunohematology
What is the term for the relationship between ABO antibodies and antigens, where healthy individuals develop antibodies to absent antigens?
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What are the three types of ABO antibodies?
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What is the term for the substances that the immune system recognizes as foreign and that can elicit an immune response?
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What is the primary difference between primary and secondary immune responses in terms of antibody production?
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What is the primary function of IgG antibodies in relation to the placenta?
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What is the result of sensitization in the first stage of agglutination?
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What is the role of IgM antibodies in the secondary immune response?
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What is the endpoint of most serological tests?
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What is the primary difference between IgG-mediated and IgM-mediated agglutination?
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What is the primary purpose of transfusing packed RBCs?
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What is the purpose of the dextrose component in CPD?
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What is the purpose of citrate in CPD?
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What is the minimum weight requirement for a blood donor?
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Which of the following is NOT a reason for deferred donors?
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What is the storage temperature for frozen plasma/FFP?
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What is the primary antibody responsible for agglutination in Group O individuals?
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What is the typical age range for ABO antibody titers to peak?
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What is the term for antibodies produced in response to environmental antigens during infancy?
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What is the purpose of reverse grouping in ABO typing?
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What is the grading of agglutination reaction characterized by a single clump of agglutination with no free cells?
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What is the method of ABO typing that uses murine monoclonal anti-A and anti-B reagents?
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What is the percentage of individuals with blood type O in the Asian population according to the distribution of ABO groups in the US?
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Why is it not possible to assume the genotype from the phenotype in group A or B?
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What is the main reason why individuals who lack the D antigen do not naturally produce anti-D?
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What is the significance of the RH antigen in transfusion medicine?
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What is the genetic makeup of an individual with a group O phenotype?
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What is the purpose of typing for the D antigen in individuals?
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Study Notes
ABO Blood Group System
- ABO blood group system is the most important blood group system in transfusion medicine
- ABO antibodies are naturally occurring and stimulate an immune response in individuals without prior RBC exposure
- There are three types of ABO antibodies: Anti-A, Anti-B, and Anti-A,B
- ABO blood groups are determined by the presence or absence of A and B antigens on the surface of RBCs
ABO Antibodies
- ABO antibodies are immunoglobulins produced in response to foreign antigen exposure
- There are two types of ABO antibodies: naturally occurring and immune
- Naturally occurring ABO antibodies are produced without prior RBC exposure, while immune ABO antibodies are produced after exposure to A or B antigens
- IgM is the predominant antibody in Group A and B individuals, while IgG is the predominant antibody in Group O individuals
ABO Typing
- ABO typing is performed on all donors and patients to ensure compatibility
- Two methods are used for ABO typing: tube method and gel method
- Tube method involves mixing RBCs with anti-A and anti-B reagents, while gel method uses a gel card with anti-A and anti-B reagents
- Grading of agglutination reactions is used to determine the strength of the reaction
RH Blood Group System
- RH blood group system is the next important blood group system after ABO
- RH antigen is present or absent on the surface of RBCs
- Individuals who lack the RH antigen do not naturally produce Anti-D, but will produce it after exposure to the antigen
- RH typing is performed to ensure compatibility in transfusions
Transfusion Medicine
- Transfusion medicine is the branch of medicine that deals with all aspects of transfusion of blood and blood components
- It includes issues of blood donations, immunohematology, and laboratory testing for transfusion-transmitted diseases
- Laboratory management and understanding of state and federal regulations related to blood products are also part of the field
