blood bank

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of cross-matching in blood transfusion?

To identify the blood group of the donor

To detect serological incompatibilities between the donor and recipient (correct)

To prepare the recipient's blood for transfusion

To determine the plasma type of the recipient

Which blood group is considered the universal donor for plasma and platelets?

Group A

Group AB (correct)

Group O

Group B

What is the primary cause of Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn (HDFN)?

Fetal antibodies reacting with maternal antigens

Inheritance of antigens from the mother

Maternal Rh antibodies reacting with fetal Rh antigens (correct)

Destruction of maternal red blood cells by fetal antibodies

What is the purpose of Coombs serum in cross-matching?

To detect IgG antibodies in the recipient's plasma Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of using Group O RH negative blood for transfusions in females under 45 years?

It is less likely to contain antibodies reactive with the recipient's blood Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of mixing the donor's RBCs with the recipient's plasma in cross-matching?

To detect incompatibilities between the donor and recipient Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary indication for performing a type and screen?

Before a blood transfusion Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of anti-D antibodies in Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn (HDFN)?

They were previously the most common cause of severe HDFN Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Blood Bank in a laboratory?

To process and store blood products for transfusion Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of an interaction between antigens and antibodies?

Agglutination or clumping Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of an antibody screen?

To detect the presence of antibodies in a patient's blood Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the destruction of red blood cells resulting from incompatibility between the donor and recipient?

Hemolysis Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a substance that promotes the production of antibodies?

Antigen Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of cross-matching compatibility testing?

To ensure compatibility between the donor and recipient Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a natural immune substance that reacts with and destroys specific antigens?

Antibody Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a Canadian Blood Service (CBS) requisition?

To request blood products for transfusion Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of a positive reaction in a serology test?

The patient has the antibody and therefore has the disease Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following serology tests is used to diagnose rheumatoid arthritis?

Rheumatoid factor (RF) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the mono test?

To diagnose infectious mononucleosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an antibody test?

IgM antibody Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the ASO Titre test?

To diagnose strep infections Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of a negative reaction in a serology test?

The patient does not have the antibody and therefore does not have the disease Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following serology tests is used to diagnose syphilis?

VDRL (venereal disease research laboratory) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Rubella HIA test?

To diagnose rubella Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary immune response in a mother's first pregnancy with a Rh-positive fetus?

Production of IgM antibodies Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of administering Rh Immune Globulin to Rh-negative mothers?

To prevent HDFN in all subsequent pregnancies Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of an antibody titer in HDFN?

It determines the level of IgG anti-D antibodies Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of subsequent pregnancies on the antibody titer in Rh-negative mothers?

The antibody titer increases with each pregnancy Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical outcome of HDFN in the second pregnancy if the fetus is again D-positive?

The infant is mildly affected Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of anti-c and anti-E antibodies in HDFN?

They are associated with HDFN but are not the primary cause Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical timing of Rh Immune Globulin administration to Rh-negative mothers?

At 28 weeks of gestation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between the first and second pregnancies in HDFN?

The level of antibody produced Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for performing a final verification of patient information and blood component information before issuing blood products?

To prevent the issuance of incompatible blood products Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of visual inspection before issuing blood or blood components?

To detect contamination Signup and view all the answers

What is the fundamental principle underlying serologic testing?

Antigen-antibody reaction Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary application of serology tests?

Infection diagnosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of issuing blood or blood components without obtaining informed consent from the patient?

Legal liability for the healthcare provider Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a record keeping system in blood component therapy?

To facilitate the traceability of blood components Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of rechecking records applying to blood or blood components?

To detect clerical errors Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary objective of investigating adverse reactions demonstrated by patients after blood transfusion?

To determine the cause of the reaction Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of final verification of patient information and blood component information before issuing blood products?

To verify the accuracy of patient and blood component information Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a serology test?

To detect the presence of an antibody Signup and view all the answers

Visual inspection is not required before issuing blood or blood components.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary application of serology tests?

Diagnosing diseases and screening for antibodies Signup and view all the answers

A negative reaction in a serology test indicates that the patient has the disease.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the mono test?

To determine the presence of antibodies produced by the Epstein Barr virus. Signup and view all the answers

Serology testing involves the interaction between ______________ and antibodies.

antigens Signup and view all the answers

The ASO Titre test is used to diagnose ______________________ infections.

strep Signup and view all the answers

Match the following steps with the correct stage of issuing blood products:

Obtaining informed consent = Before issuing blood products Final verification of patient information and blood component information = At the time of issue Visual inspection = Before issuing blood products Record keeping = After issuing blood products Signup and view all the answers

Match the following serology tests with their primary uses:

ANA (antinuclear antibody) = Diagnosing Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) RPR (rapid plasma reagin) = Diagnosing syphilis CRP (C reactive protein) = Diagnosing rheumatoid arthritis Rubella HIA (hemagglutination-inhibition antigen) = Diagnosing rubella Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a record keeping system in blood component therapy?

To facilitate the traceability of blood components Signup and view all the answers

Informed consent is not required before issuing blood products.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of an interaction between antigens and antibodies?

The destruction of red blood cells Signup and view all the answers

The primary function of the Blood Bank in a laboratory is to perform antibody screens.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the fundamental principle underlying serologic testing?

The interaction between antigens and antibodies Signup and view all the answers

The Rheumatoid factor (RF) test is used to diagnose ______________________.

rheumatoid arthritis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using Group O RH negative blood for transfusions in females under 45 years?

To reduce the risk of transfusion reaction Signup and view all the answers

Cross-matching is a procedure performed after transfusion of blood or blood products.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn (HDFN)?

It is a set of pathophysiological consequences that occur before and/or after birth resulting from the destruction of fetal red blood cells by maternal antibody that reacts with an antigen or antigens inherited from the father. Signup and view all the answers

The primary purpose of cross-matching is to detect any __________ incompatibilities in the blood of donor and recipient.

serological Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following blood groups is considered the universal donor for red cells?

Group O Signup and view all the answers

Match the following blood groups with their primary usage:

Group O = Universal donor for red cells Group AB = Universal donor for plasma and platelets Group A = Specific recipient match Group B = Specific recipient match Signup and view all the answers

Anti-D was the most common antibody implicated in severe HDFN at one time.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Coombs serum in cross-matching?

To detect incompatibilities between the donor and recipient blood. Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of clumping because of an interaction between antigens and antibodies?

Agglutination Signup and view all the answers

The primary purpose of the Blood Bank is to process products for transfusion.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of an antibody screen?

To screen a patient's blood for antibodies Signup and view all the answers

The area of the lab that processes products for transfusion is also referred to as ___________________.

immunohematology Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Agglutination = Interaction between antigens and antibodies Antigen = A substance that promotes the production of antibodies Antibody = A natural immune substance that reacts with and destroys specific antigens Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a Canadian Blood Service (CBS) requisition?

To list the requirements for blood products Signup and view all the answers

Antibodies are produced in response to specific antigens.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a substance that promotes the production of antibodies?

Antigen Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of administering Rh Immune Globulin to Rh-negative mothers?

To prevent Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn (HDFN) Signup and view all the answers

In the first pregnancy, the mother's primary immune response produces mainly IgG antibodies.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of an antibody titer in HDFN?

An antibody titer determines the presence and level of antibodies in the blood, which is important in HDFN to investigate if there is an immune reaction triggered by foreign invaders (antigens) in the body. Signup and view all the answers

The fetomaternal hemorrhage that occurs during pregnancy and/or at delivery causes the production of _______________________ antibodies in the mother.

IgM Signup and view all the answers

Match the following antibodies with their associated HDFN:

Anti-D = Rh incompatibility Anti-K = Other HDFN types Anti-c = Other HDFN types Anti-E = Other HDFN types Signup and view all the answers

ABO HDFN is the most severe form of HDFN.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical outcome of HDFN in the second pregnancy if the fetus is again D-positive?

Mild to severe HDFN Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of anti-c and anti-E antibodies in HDFN?

Anti-c and anti-E antibodies are associated with other HDFN types. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Issuing Blood Products

Blood or blood components can only be issued prior to the patient being transfused, with informed consent obtained by the physician/authorized practitioner.
At the time of issue, there shall be final verification of the patient information and the blood, blood components information.
If the information does not agree, blood or blood components shall not be issued.
A record keeping system shall ensure a copy of all information relating to the patient and the transfused blood will become part of the patient record.
The record keeping system shall facilitate the traceability of the blood, blood components from the source (the donor or the facility), recheck the records applying to blood or blood components, and investigate adverse reactions demonstrated by the patient.
Visual inspection shall be performed before issuing all blood or blood components.

Serology/Immunology

Serology is involved with testing antigen-antibody reactions, typically involving an agglutination reaction.
Agglutination is an interaction between antigens and antibodies that causes clumping.
Antibody is a natural immune substance that reacts with and destroys specific antigens entering the body.
Antigen is a substance that promotes the production of antibodies.
Agglutination reaction is a test done to screen a patient's blood for antibodies.

Transfusion Medicine/Immunohematology

Blood group definitions:
- ABO group: A, B, AB, and O
- Rh group: Rh positive or Rh negative
- Other blood groups: Kell, Duffy, etc.
Universal donor: Group O for red cells and Group AB for plasma and platelets.
Cross-matching is compatibility testing to detect serological incompatibilities between donor and recipient blood.
Cross-matching involves mixing donor RBCs with recipient plasma, incubating, and reacting with Coombs serum (an antiglobulin).

Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn (HDFN)

HDFN is a set of pathophysiological consequences resulting from the destruction of fetal red blood cells by maternal antibody that reacts with an antigen or antigens inherited from the father.
HDFN can occur before and/or after birth.
Anti-D was the most common antibody implicated in severe HDFN.
HDFN can be caused by other antibodies such as anti-K, anti-c, and anti-E.

Serology/Immunology Tests

Aids Antibody
ANA (antinuclear antibody) – for SLE
ASO Titre (antistreptolysin O) – strep infections
Rubella HIA (hemagglutination-inhibition antigen)
Mono test – for infectious mononucleosis
Rheumatoid factor (RF) – rheumatoid arthritis
RPR – rapid plasma reagin – syphilis
VDRL – venereal disease research laboratory – syphilis
CRP – C reactive protein – arthritis
Allergy tests
Complement tests (e.g., C3, C4)
Antibody tests (e.g., IgM, IgG antibodies)

HDFN (Anti-D)

In the first pregnancy, Rh positive fetal red cells enter the maternal circulation, causing a primary immune response in which mainly IgM antibodies are produced.
In the second pregnancy, if the fetus is again D-positive, a secondary immune response occurs, producing higher levels of IgG anti-D.
The second child may suffer mild to severe HDFN depending on the antibody titer.
In subsequent pregnancies, the production of even higher titers of IgG anti-D occurs, and offspring may be more severely affected or die in utero or soon after birth.

Rh Immune Globulin

Rh Immune Globulin (RhIG) is given to all Rh-negative mothers to prevent HDFN.
RhIG is given at 28 weeks of pregnancy.

Antibody Titer

An antibody titer is a type of blood test that determines the presence and level (titer) of antibodies in the blood.
The test is carried out to investigate if there is an immune reaction triggered by foreign invaders (antigens) in the body.
The test is performed to determine if a person was infected by any pathogen in the past.

Issuing Blood Products

Blood or blood components can only be issued prior to the patient being transfused, with informed consent obtained by the physician/authorized practitioner.
At the time of issue, there shall be final verification of the patient information and the blood, blood components information.
If the information does not agree, blood or blood components shall not be issued.
A record keeping system shall ensure a copy of all information relating to the patient and the transfused blood will become part of the patient record.
The record keeping system shall facilitate the traceability of the blood, blood components from the source (the donor or the facility), recheck the records applying to blood or blood components, and investigate adverse reactions demonstrated by the patient.
Visual inspection shall be performed before issuing all blood or blood components.

Serology/Immunology

Serology is involved with testing antigen-antibody reactions, typically involving an agglutination reaction.
Agglutination is an interaction between antigens and antibodies that causes clumping.
Antibody is a natural immune substance that reacts with and destroys specific antigens entering the body.
Antigen is a substance that promotes the production of antibodies.
Agglutination reaction is a test done to screen a patient's blood for antibodies.

Transfusion Medicine/Immunohematology

Blood group definitions:
- ABO group: A, B, AB, and O
- Rh group: Rh positive or Rh negative
- Other blood groups: Kell, Duffy, etc.
Universal donor: Group O for red cells and Group AB for plasma and platelets.
Cross-matching is compatibility testing to detect serological incompatibilities between donor and recipient blood.
Cross-matching involves mixing donor RBCs with recipient plasma, incubating, and reacting with Coombs serum (an antiglobulin).

Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn (HDFN)

HDFN is a set of pathophysiological consequences resulting from the destruction of fetal red blood cells by maternal antibody that reacts with an antigen or antigens inherited from the father.
HDFN can occur before and/or after birth.
Anti-D was the most common antibody implicated in severe HDFN.
HDFN can be caused by other antibodies such as anti-K, anti-c, and anti-E.

Serology/Immunology Tests

Aids Antibody
ANA (antinuclear antibody) – for SLE
ASO Titre (antistreptolysin O) – strep infections
Rubella HIA (hemagglutination-inhibition antigen)
Mono test – for infectious mononucleosis
Rheumatoid factor (RF) – rheumatoid arthritis
RPR – rapid plasma reagin – syphilis
VDRL – venereal disease research laboratory – syphilis
CRP – C reactive protein – arthritis
Allergy tests
Complement tests (e.g., C3, C4)
Antibody tests (e.g., IgM, IgG antibodies)

HDFN (Anti-D)

In the first pregnancy, Rh positive fetal red cells enter the maternal circulation, causing a primary immune response in which mainly IgM antibodies are produced.
In the second pregnancy, if the fetus is again D-positive, a secondary immune response occurs, producing higher levels of IgG anti-D.
The second child may suffer mild to severe HDFN depending on the antibody titer.
In subsequent pregnancies, the production of even higher titers of IgG anti-D occurs, and offspring may be more severely affected or die in utero or soon after birth.

Rh Immune Globulin

Rh Immune Globulin (RhIG) is given to all Rh-negative mothers to prevent HDFN.
RhIG is given at 28 weeks of pregnancy.

Antibody Titer

An antibody titer is a type of blood test that determines the presence and level (titer) of antibodies in the blood.
The test is carried out to investigate if there is an immune reaction triggered by foreign invaders (antigens) in the body.
The test is performed to determine if a person was infected by any pathogen in the past.

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Description

Learn about the guidelines and procedures for issuing blood products, including informed consent, patient verification, and record keeping.