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Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of cross-matching in blood transfusion?
What is the primary purpose of cross-matching in blood transfusion?
- To identify the blood group of the donor
- To detect serological incompatibilities between the donor and recipient (correct)
- To prepare the recipient's blood for transfusion
- To determine the plasma type of the recipient
Which blood group is considered the universal donor for plasma and platelets?
Which blood group is considered the universal donor for plasma and platelets?
- Group A
- Group AB (correct)
- Group O
- Group B
What is the primary cause of Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn (HDFN)?
What is the primary cause of Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn (HDFN)?
- Fetal antibodies reacting with maternal antigens
- Inheritance of antigens from the mother
- Maternal Rh antibodies reacting with fetal Rh antigens (correct)
- Destruction of maternal red blood cells by fetal antibodies
What is the purpose of Coombs serum in cross-matching?
What is the purpose of Coombs serum in cross-matching?
What is the primary benefit of using Group O RH negative blood for transfusions in females under 45 years?
What is the primary benefit of using Group O RH negative blood for transfusions in females under 45 years?
What is the purpose of mixing the donor's RBCs with the recipient's plasma in cross-matching?
What is the purpose of mixing the donor's RBCs with the recipient's plasma in cross-matching?
What is the primary indication for performing a type and screen?
What is the primary indication for performing a type and screen?
What is the significance of anti-D antibodies in Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn (HDFN)?
What is the significance of anti-D antibodies in Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn (HDFN)?
What is the primary function of the Blood Bank in a laboratory?
What is the primary function of the Blood Bank in a laboratory?
What is the result of an interaction between antigens and antibodies?
What is the result of an interaction between antigens and antibodies?
What is the purpose of an antibody screen?
What is the purpose of an antibody screen?
What is the term for the destruction of red blood cells resulting from incompatibility between the donor and recipient?
What is the term for the destruction of red blood cells resulting from incompatibility between the donor and recipient?
What is the term for a substance that promotes the production of antibodies?
What is the term for a substance that promotes the production of antibodies?
What is the purpose of cross-matching compatibility testing?
What is the purpose of cross-matching compatibility testing?
What is the term for a natural immune substance that reacts with and destroys specific antigens?
What is the term for a natural immune substance that reacts with and destroys specific antigens?
What is the purpose of a Canadian Blood Service (CBS) requisition?
What is the purpose of a Canadian Blood Service (CBS) requisition?
What is the result of a positive reaction in a serology test?
What is the result of a positive reaction in a serology test?
Which of the following serology tests is used to diagnose rheumatoid arthritis?
Which of the following serology tests is used to diagnose rheumatoid arthritis?
What is the purpose of the mono test?
What is the purpose of the mono test?
Which of the following is an example of an antibody test?
Which of the following is an example of an antibody test?
What is the purpose of the ASO Titre test?
What is the purpose of the ASO Titre test?
What is the result of a negative reaction in a serology test?
What is the result of a negative reaction in a serology test?
Which of the following serology tests is used to diagnose syphilis?
Which of the following serology tests is used to diagnose syphilis?
What is the purpose of the Rubella HIA test?
What is the purpose of the Rubella HIA test?
What is the primary immune response in a mother's first pregnancy with a Rh-positive fetus?
What is the primary immune response in a mother's first pregnancy with a Rh-positive fetus?
What is the purpose of administering Rh Immune Globulin to Rh-negative mothers?
What is the purpose of administering Rh Immune Globulin to Rh-negative mothers?
What is the significance of an antibody titer in HDFN?
What is the significance of an antibody titer in HDFN?
What is the effect of subsequent pregnancies on the antibody titer in Rh-negative mothers?
What is the effect of subsequent pregnancies on the antibody titer in Rh-negative mothers?
What is the typical outcome of HDFN in the second pregnancy if the fetus is again D-positive?
What is the typical outcome of HDFN in the second pregnancy if the fetus is again D-positive?
What is the significance of anti-c and anti-E antibodies in HDFN?
What is the significance of anti-c and anti-E antibodies in HDFN?
What is the typical timing of Rh Immune Globulin administration to Rh-negative mothers?
What is the typical timing of Rh Immune Globulin administration to Rh-negative mothers?
What is the primary difference between the first and second pregnancies in HDFN?
What is the primary difference between the first and second pregnancies in HDFN?
What is the primary reason for performing a final verification of patient information and blood component information before issuing blood products?
What is the primary reason for performing a final verification of patient information and blood component information before issuing blood products?
What is the main purpose of visual inspection before issuing blood or blood components?
What is the main purpose of visual inspection before issuing blood or blood components?
What is the fundamental principle underlying serologic testing?
What is the fundamental principle underlying serologic testing?
What is the primary application of serology tests?
What is the primary application of serology tests?
What is the consequence of issuing blood or blood components without obtaining informed consent from the patient?
What is the consequence of issuing blood or blood components without obtaining informed consent from the patient?
What is the primary function of a record keeping system in blood component therapy?
What is the primary function of a record keeping system in blood component therapy?
What is the purpose of rechecking records applying to blood or blood components?
What is the purpose of rechecking records applying to blood or blood components?
What is the primary objective of investigating adverse reactions demonstrated by patients after blood transfusion?
What is the primary objective of investigating adverse reactions demonstrated by patients after blood transfusion?
What is the primary purpose of final verification of patient information and blood component information before issuing blood products?
What is the primary purpose of final verification of patient information and blood component information before issuing blood products?
What is the purpose of a serology test?
What is the purpose of a serology test?
Visual inspection is not required before issuing blood or blood components.
Visual inspection is not required before issuing blood or blood components.
What is the primary application of serology tests?
What is the primary application of serology tests?
A negative reaction in a serology test indicates that the patient has the disease.
A negative reaction in a serology test indicates that the patient has the disease.
What is the purpose of the mono test?
What is the purpose of the mono test?
Serology testing involves the interaction between ______________ and antibodies.
Serology testing involves the interaction between ______________ and antibodies.
The ASO Titre test is used to diagnose ______________________ infections.
The ASO Titre test is used to diagnose ______________________ infections.
Match the following steps with the correct stage of issuing blood products:
Match the following steps with the correct stage of issuing blood products:
Match the following serology tests with their primary uses:
Match the following serology tests with their primary uses:
What is the primary function of a record keeping system in blood component therapy?
What is the primary function of a record keeping system in blood component therapy?
Informed consent is not required before issuing blood products.
Informed consent is not required before issuing blood products.
What is the result of an interaction between antigens and antibodies?
What is the result of an interaction between antigens and antibodies?
The primary function of the Blood Bank in a laboratory is to perform antibody screens.
The primary function of the Blood Bank in a laboratory is to perform antibody screens.
What is the fundamental principle underlying serologic testing?
What is the fundamental principle underlying serologic testing?
The Rheumatoid factor (RF) test is used to diagnose ______________________.
The Rheumatoid factor (RF) test is used to diagnose ______________________.
What is the primary purpose of using Group O RH negative blood for transfusions in females under 45 years?
What is the primary purpose of using Group O RH negative blood for transfusions in females under 45 years?
Cross-matching is a procedure performed after transfusion of blood or blood products.
Cross-matching is a procedure performed after transfusion of blood or blood products.
What is the significance of Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn (HDFN)?
What is the significance of Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn (HDFN)?
The primary purpose of cross-matching is to detect any __________ incompatibilities in the blood of donor and recipient.
The primary purpose of cross-matching is to detect any __________ incompatibilities in the blood of donor and recipient.
Which of the following blood groups is considered the universal donor for red cells?
Which of the following blood groups is considered the universal donor for red cells?
Match the following blood groups with their primary usage:
Match the following blood groups with their primary usage:
Anti-D was the most common antibody implicated in severe HDFN at one time.
Anti-D was the most common antibody implicated in severe HDFN at one time.
What is the purpose of Coombs serum in cross-matching?
What is the purpose of Coombs serum in cross-matching?
What is the term for the process of clumping because of an interaction between antigens and antibodies?
What is the term for the process of clumping because of an interaction between antigens and antibodies?
The primary purpose of the Blood Bank is to process products for transfusion.
The primary purpose of the Blood Bank is to process products for transfusion.
What is the purpose of an antibody screen?
What is the purpose of an antibody screen?
The area of the lab that processes products for transfusion is also referred to as ___________________.
The area of the lab that processes products for transfusion is also referred to as ___________________.
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
What is the purpose of a Canadian Blood Service (CBS) requisition?
What is the purpose of a Canadian Blood Service (CBS) requisition?
Antibodies are produced in response to specific antigens.
Antibodies are produced in response to specific antigens.
What is the term for a substance that promotes the production of antibodies?
What is the term for a substance that promotes the production of antibodies?
What is the primary purpose of administering Rh Immune Globulin to Rh-negative mothers?
What is the primary purpose of administering Rh Immune Globulin to Rh-negative mothers?
In the first pregnancy, the mother's primary immune response produces mainly IgG antibodies.
In the first pregnancy, the mother's primary immune response produces mainly IgG antibodies.
What is the significance of an antibody titer in HDFN?
What is the significance of an antibody titer in HDFN?
The fetomaternal hemorrhage that occurs during pregnancy and/or at delivery causes the production of _______________________ antibodies in the mother.
The fetomaternal hemorrhage that occurs during pregnancy and/or at delivery causes the production of _______________________ antibodies in the mother.
Match the following antibodies with their associated HDFN:
Match the following antibodies with their associated HDFN:
ABO HDFN is the most severe form of HDFN.
ABO HDFN is the most severe form of HDFN.
What is the typical outcome of HDFN in the second pregnancy if the fetus is again D-positive?
What is the typical outcome of HDFN in the second pregnancy if the fetus is again D-positive?
What is the significance of anti-c and anti-E antibodies in HDFN?
What is the significance of anti-c and anti-E antibodies in HDFN?
Study Notes
Issuing Blood Products
- Blood or blood components can only be issued prior to the patient being transfused, with informed consent obtained by the physician/authorized practitioner.
- At the time of issue, there shall be final verification of the patient information and the blood, blood components information.
- If the information does not agree, blood or blood components shall not be issued.
- A record keeping system shall ensure a copy of all information relating to the patient and the transfused blood will become part of the patient record.
- The record keeping system shall facilitate the traceability of the blood, blood components from the source (the donor or the facility), recheck the records applying to blood or blood components, and investigate adverse reactions demonstrated by the patient.
- Visual inspection shall be performed before issuing all blood or blood components.
Serology/Immunology
- Serology is involved with testing antigen-antibody reactions, typically involving an agglutination reaction.
- Agglutination is an interaction between antigens and antibodies that causes clumping.
- Antibody is a natural immune substance that reacts with and destroys specific antigens entering the body.
- Antigen is a substance that promotes the production of antibodies.
- Agglutination reaction is a test done to screen a patient's blood for antibodies.
Transfusion Medicine/Immunohematology
- Blood group definitions:
- ABO group: A, B, AB, and O
- Rh group: Rh positive or Rh negative
- Other blood groups: Kell, Duffy, etc.
- Universal donor: Group O for red cells and Group AB for plasma and platelets.
- Cross-matching is compatibility testing to detect serological incompatibilities between donor and recipient blood.
- Cross-matching involves mixing donor RBCs with recipient plasma, incubating, and reacting with Coombs serum (an antiglobulin).
Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn (HDFN)
- HDFN is a set of pathophysiological consequences resulting from the destruction of fetal red blood cells by maternal antibody that reacts with an antigen or antigens inherited from the father.
- HDFN can occur before and/or after birth.
- Anti-D was the most common antibody implicated in severe HDFN.
- HDFN can be caused by other antibodies such as anti-K, anti-c, and anti-E.
Serology/Immunology Tests
- Aids Antibody
- ANA (antinuclear antibody) – for SLE
- ASO Titre (antistreptolysin O) – strep infections
- Rubella HIA (hemagglutination-inhibition antigen)
- Mono test – for infectious mononucleosis
- Rheumatoid factor (RF) – rheumatoid arthritis
- RPR – rapid plasma reagin – syphilis
- VDRL – venereal disease research laboratory – syphilis
- CRP – C reactive protein – arthritis
- Allergy tests
- Complement tests (e.g., C3, C4)
- Antibody tests (e.g., IgM, IgG antibodies)
HDFN (Anti-D)
- In the first pregnancy, Rh positive fetal red cells enter the maternal circulation, causing a primary immune response in which mainly IgM antibodies are produced.
- In the second pregnancy, if the fetus is again D-positive, a secondary immune response occurs, producing higher levels of IgG anti-D.
- The second child may suffer mild to severe HDFN depending on the antibody titer.
- In subsequent pregnancies, the production of even higher titers of IgG anti-D occurs, and offspring may be more severely affected or die in utero or soon after birth.
Rh Immune Globulin
- Rh Immune Globulin (RhIG) is given to all Rh-negative mothers to prevent HDFN.
- RhIG is given at 28 weeks of pregnancy.
Antibody Titer
- An antibody titer is a type of blood test that determines the presence and level (titer) of antibodies in the blood.
- The test is carried out to investigate if there is an immune reaction triggered by foreign invaders (antigens) in the body.
- The test is performed to determine if a person was infected by any pathogen in the past.
Issuing Blood Products
- Blood or blood components can only be issued prior to the patient being transfused, with informed consent obtained by the physician/authorized practitioner.
- At the time of issue, there shall be final verification of the patient information and the blood, blood components information.
- If the information does not agree, blood or blood components shall not be issued.
- A record keeping system shall ensure a copy of all information relating to the patient and the transfused blood will become part of the patient record.
- The record keeping system shall facilitate the traceability of the blood, blood components from the source (the donor or the facility), recheck the records applying to blood or blood components, and investigate adverse reactions demonstrated by the patient.
- Visual inspection shall be performed before issuing all blood or blood components.
Serology/Immunology
- Serology is involved with testing antigen-antibody reactions, typically involving an agglutination reaction.
- Agglutination is an interaction between antigens and antibodies that causes clumping.
- Antibody is a natural immune substance that reacts with and destroys specific antigens entering the body.
- Antigen is a substance that promotes the production of antibodies.
- Agglutination reaction is a test done to screen a patient's blood for antibodies.
Transfusion Medicine/Immunohematology
- Blood group definitions:
- ABO group: A, B, AB, and O
- Rh group: Rh positive or Rh negative
- Other blood groups: Kell, Duffy, etc.
- Universal donor: Group O for red cells and Group AB for plasma and platelets.
- Cross-matching is compatibility testing to detect serological incompatibilities between donor and recipient blood.
- Cross-matching involves mixing donor RBCs with recipient plasma, incubating, and reacting with Coombs serum (an antiglobulin).
Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn (HDFN)
- HDFN is a set of pathophysiological consequences resulting from the destruction of fetal red blood cells by maternal antibody that reacts with an antigen or antigens inherited from the father.
- HDFN can occur before and/or after birth.
- Anti-D was the most common antibody implicated in severe HDFN.
- HDFN can be caused by other antibodies such as anti-K, anti-c, and anti-E.
Serology/Immunology Tests
- Aids Antibody
- ANA (antinuclear antibody) – for SLE
- ASO Titre (antistreptolysin O) – strep infections
- Rubella HIA (hemagglutination-inhibition antigen)
- Mono test – for infectious mononucleosis
- Rheumatoid factor (RF) – rheumatoid arthritis
- RPR – rapid plasma reagin – syphilis
- VDRL – venereal disease research laboratory – syphilis
- CRP – C reactive protein – arthritis
- Allergy tests
- Complement tests (e.g., C3, C4)
- Antibody tests (e.g., IgM, IgG antibodies)
HDFN (Anti-D)
- In the first pregnancy, Rh positive fetal red cells enter the maternal circulation, causing a primary immune response in which mainly IgM antibodies are produced.
- In the second pregnancy, if the fetus is again D-positive, a secondary immune response occurs, producing higher levels of IgG anti-D.
- The second child may suffer mild to severe HDFN depending on the antibody titer.
- In subsequent pregnancies, the production of even higher titers of IgG anti-D occurs, and offspring may be more severely affected or die in utero or soon after birth.
Rh Immune Globulin
- Rh Immune Globulin (RhIG) is given to all Rh-negative mothers to prevent HDFN.
- RhIG is given at 28 weeks of pregnancy.
Antibody Titer
- An antibody titer is a type of blood test that determines the presence and level (titer) of antibodies in the blood.
- The test is carried out to investigate if there is an immune reaction triggered by foreign invaders (antigens) in the body.
- The test is performed to determine if a person was infected by any pathogen in the past.
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Description
Learn about the guidelines and procedures for issuing blood products, including informed consent, patient verification, and record keeping.
