Blood and Tissue Flagellates: Leishmaniasis Disease
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Questions and Answers

What is the main mode of transmission for Leishmania spp. causing Leishmaniasis?

  • Spread by the bite of certain types of mosquitoes
  • Spread by the bite of certain types of sandflies (correct)
  • Spread by direct contact with infected individuals
  • Spread by contaminated water sources

    • Which of the following sandfly genera transmits Old World leishmaniasis?

  • Phlebotomus (correct)
  • Anopheles
  • Culex
  • Aedes

    • In which hosts does the life cycle of Leishmania spp. typically occur?

  • Birds and fish
  • Humans and sandflies (correct)
  • Humans and cats
  • Dogs and insects

    • What do promastigotes transform into in the alimentary canal of the sandfly?

    <p>Promastigotes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term refers to Leishmaniasis caused by L.mexicana and L.braziliensis?

    <p>New World leishmaniasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do promastigotes typically invade once inside the human host?

    <p>Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the Leishmanin test negative in active cases of kala-azar?

    <p>Due to impaired Cell-mediated immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can the diagnosis of Post-Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis (PKDL) be established?

    <p>By demonstrating amastigote form of L. donovani in a Leishman-stained smear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, also known as espundia?

    <p>Infection by L. braziliensis and L. mexicana</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Leishmania parasites primarily invade the human body?

    <p>By invading human macrophages and replicating intracellularly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential consequence of untreated Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis?

    <p>Development of severe mucosal ulcers in the nose and mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can Leishmaniasis be partly prevented according to the text?

    <p>Sleeping under nets treated with insecticide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main habitat of Leishmania donovani causing visceral leishmaniasis?

    <p>Liver, spleen, bone marrow, and lymph nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which form of leishmaniasis is characterized by the presence of widespread skin lesions resembling leprosy?

    <p>Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of spread of Leishmania from one host to another?

    <p>Through the bite of sandflies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is commonly used for diagnosis through delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction to intradermal crude Leishmania antigen?

    <p>Montenegro test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main risk factor associated with the transmission of Leishmania parasites?

    <p>Poverty and malnutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a symptom commonly associated with visceral leishmaniasis?

    <p>Open sore at bite site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method used to isolate the Leishmania organism for identification in culture?

    <p>Visualization of amastigotes in splenic aspirate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which form of leishmaniasis is known as black fever and is the most severe form?

    <p>Visceral leishmaniasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used for the secondary form of visceral leishmaniasis caused by L. donovani characterized by skin lesions on the face and body?

    <p>'Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'DNA testing (PCR)' is commonly used in diagnosing which type of infection?

    <p>'Leishmaniasis'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A microparasite is characterized by being large, multicellular, and reproducing within its vertebrate host.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Medical parasitology only deals with infections caused by protozoa and excludes viruses, bacteria, and fungi.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ectoparasites are parasites that live within the body of the host.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All protozoan and helminthic parasites of man are considered endoparasites.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Leishmania spp. can be transmitted from one host to another through direct reproduction within the vertebrate host.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Infection by ectoparasites is known as infestation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Obligate parasites can exist without a host.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Facultative parasites always live a free-living existence.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Accidental parasites only attack usual hosts.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aberrant parasites always develop further in the host they attack.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Free-living stages of parasites are always dependent on a host for survival.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Definitive hosts harbor the larval stages of a parasite.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Paratenic hosts are essential for the completion of the life cycle of every parasite.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reservoir hosts can harbor a pathogen indefinitely with severe ill effects.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    AIDS compromises the normal defense mechanisms in a host.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Symbiosis refers to an association where both host and parasite harm each other.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Trophozoites of E.histolytica can survive and multiply outside the human body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cysts of E.histolytica are passed in urine.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flies and cockroaches can act as vectors for the transmission of E.histolytica cysts.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Metacystic trophozoites are carried in the blood stream into the caecum.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The nucleus of the cyst of E.histolytica divides into four daughter nuclei during excystation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    E.histolytica and E.dispar are morphologically distinguishable under a microscope.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pathogenesis of amoebiasis primarily involves infection of the brain.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Extraintestinal amoebiasis occurs in about 50-60% of individuals with intestinal amoebiasis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amoebic dysentery can result in pseudotumoral lesions associated with necrosis, inflammation, and oedema.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The resistance of the host plays a role in the pathogenicity of E.histolytica infection.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Entamoeba dispar can be morphologically differentiated from E.histolytica by its larger size.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cysts and trophozoites in stool samples are commonly identified using the Gram stain method.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mature cysts of E.histolytica contain 6 nuclei.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Naegleria fowleri forms cysts in human tissue.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis caused by Naegleria fowleri typically leads to death within 24 hours of symptom onset.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Infection with Naegleria fowleri is primarily acquired through ingestion of contaminated water.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Entamoeba hartmanni is morphologically distinct from E.histolytica due to its lack of a nucleus.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Metronidazole is the drug of choice for asymptomatic Entamoeba histolytica infections.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Iodamoeba butschlii is morphologically similar to E.histolytica due to its rounded chromatoidal bodies.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    PCR testing is not used in the diagnosis of Entamoeba histolytica infections.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    N. fowleri can be effectively treated with antibacterial antibiotics and antiamoebic drugs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most common intestinal parasite in the world is Giardia lamblia.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cysts are the transmission stage of Giardia lamblia and are ingested by humans through contaminated water or food.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amphotericin B is an ineffective drug for treating Naegleria fowleri infections.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A vector in the context of infectious diseases is always a nonhuman organism.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Leishmaniasis can be transmitted from one host to another through mechanical vectors like houseflies.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Giardia lamblia trophozoites lack mitochondria.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Humans are considered reservoir hosts for Leishmania parasites.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cysts of Giardia lamblia are excreted in the feces of infected individuals where they can survive for months.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amoebae use bacteria as food, producing plaques as they clear the bacteria on nutrient agar.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adhesion proteins, cysteine proteases, and lipophosphoglycan (LPG) have similar roles in the pathogenesis of T.vaginalis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Symptoms of trichomoniasis in males are typically more severe than in females.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Trichomoniasis can lead to an increased risk of aggressive prostate cancers if there is prolonged infection within the prostate.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    T.tenax infects humans in the intestinal tract.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diagnosis of T.vaginalis can be solely based on classic symptoms without the need for laboratory tests.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most cases of trichomoniasis occur in developing countries due to limited healthcare facilities and difficulty in accessing healthcare.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Excystation of Giardia lamblia occurs in the duodenum due to exposure to high pH and acidic enzymes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Trophozoites of Giardia lamblia move by binary fusion to colonize in the large intestine.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Giardia lamblia commonly penetrates the intestinal wall causing severe inflammation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Metronidazole is the only antibiotic used to treat giardiasis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chilomastix mesnili is considered pathogenic and often causes severe gastrointestinal symptoms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Trichomonas vaginalis has a cystic stage in its life cycle.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Genital flagellates are transmitted through fecal-oral route.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Trophozoites of Trichomonas vaginalis undergo mitotic division to reproduce.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Hydrogenosome in Trichomonas vaginalis is primarily involved in motility.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Trichomoniasis is one of the most common venereal diseases transmitted via contaminated water.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ectoparasites live within the body of the host.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All protozoan and helminthic parasites of man are considered endoparasites.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Microparasites are large, multicellular, and reproduce outside their vertebrate host.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amphotericin B is an effective drug for treating Naegleria fowleri infections.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis caused by Naegleria fowleri can lead to death within 24 hours of symptom onset.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Trichomoniasis is transmitted through the fecal-oral route.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites can survive outside the human body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Facultative parasites can only live as free-living organisms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cysts of E.histolytica can remain viable in a dry environment for several days.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flies and cockroaches can serve as vectors for the transmission of E.histolytica trophozoites.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aberrant parasites attack hosts where they cannot live or develop further.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Paratenic hosts are necessary for the completion of the life cycle of some parasites.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The nucleus of an E.histolytica cyst divides into four daughter nuclei during excystation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reservoir hosts can harbor pathogens indefinitely with severe ill effects.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    E.histolytica and E.dispar are morphologically indistinguishable unless observed with ingested white blood cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hepatic amoebiasis is a common extraintestinal manifestation of E.histolytica infection.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Compromised hosts are extremely resistant to a variety of pathogens.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Entamoeba histolytica infection is primarily transmitted through mechanical vectors like houseflies.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Commensalism in host-parasite relationships means both partners benefit without causing harm to each other.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amoebic dysentery caused by E.histolytica can lead to the formation of pseudotumoral lesions.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Giardia lamblia is an example of a protozoan parasite classified under Apicomplexa.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Leishmaniasis primarily occurs in humans due to direct transmission from animals.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pathogenicity of E.histolytica infection is influenced by factors such as virulence of strain and host resistance.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All species within the same genus have essentially the same genetic characters.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ingestion of mature quadrinucleate cysts of E.histolytica may lead to extraintestinal amoebiasis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vector insects are always essential for the completion of a pathogen's life cycle.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Entamoeba dispar can be differentiated from E.histolytica based solely on microscopic identification of cysts and trophozoites in stool samples.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blood examination for Entamoeba histolytica typically shows severe leukocytosis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Serological tests like ELISA and IHA are used in the early stages of invasive amoebiasis to detect antibodies.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mature cysts of Iodamoeba butschlii contain 8 nuclei.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Naegleria fowleri can form cysts in human tissue where only the amoeboid trophozoite stage exists.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The flagellate forms or cysts of Naegleria fowleri can enter the nose, leading to infection.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis caused by Naegleria fowleri typically leads to death within 72 hours of symptom onset.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Paratenic hosts play a crucial role in the life cycle of Entamoeba histolytica.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Entamoeba coli is morphologically similar to E.histolytica due to its large size.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Opportunistic amoebae like Naegleria fowleri are commonly found in chlorinated swimming pools.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adhesion of T.vaginalis to vaginal epithelial cells is not a critical step in pathogenesis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Symptoms of trichomoniasis in males are usually asymptomatic.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prolonged infection with T.vaginalis can increase the risk of aggressive brain cancers.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    T.tenax infects human beings in the oral cavity.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The diagnosis of trichomoniasis can solely rely on classic symptoms without the need for laboratory tests.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chronic infections caused by trichomoniasis can be effectively treated without antimicrobial treatment.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    N. fowleri can be cultivated by placing CSF on nutrient agar spread with a lawn of washed bacteria.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Almost all cases of PAM are diagnosed during autopsies due to the slow progression of the disease.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amphotericin B is considered an effective treatment for PAM.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Metronidazole is the drug of choice for treating PAM infections.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Humans can act as biological vectors for transmitting infections to other living creatures.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Giardia lamblia trophozoites have mitochondria for energy production.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cysts of Giardia lamblia are excreted in the feces of infected individuals where they can survive for weeks.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Leishmania parasites primarily invade the human body through ingestion of cysts in contaminated water or food.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Vector' is a term used to describe an organism that serves as an intermediary host for a parasite.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A housefly can be classified as a biological vector in the transmission of Entamoeba histolytica cysts.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When ingested, each cyst of Giardia lamblia gives rise to three trophozoites in the duodenum.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Trophozoites of Giardia lamblia can penetrate the intestinal wall causing direct physical blockage of nutrient uptake.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chilomastix mesnili has a cystic stage in its life cycle responsible for transmission.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Trichomonas vaginalis has a cystic stage in its life cycle.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Hydrogenosome in Trichomonas vaginalis is primarily involved in metabolism.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Trichomonas vaginalis can be transmitted through vaginal intercourse.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Metronidazole is the antibiotic of choice to treat giardiasis in children.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Post-Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis can be diagnosed through multiple stool examinations.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites undergo mitotic division to reproduce outside the human body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Trichomonas vaginalis lacks mitochondria and uses the Hydrogenosome for metabolism.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Endoparasites live on the surface of the body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All protozoan and helminthic parasites of man are considered endoparasites.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ectoparasites are important as vectors transmitting pathogenic microorganisms.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Microparasites are multicellular.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Giardia lamblia is a macroparasite.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All infectious agents can be classified as parasites.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Accidental parasites attack their typical host e.g. Echinococcus granulosus in man.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Paratenic hosts are necessary for the completion of the life cycle of some parasites.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reservoir hosts experience ill effects from harboring a pathogen indefinitely.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Commensalism describes an association where both the parasite and the host benefit.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Zoonosis refers to diseases that are transmitted from humans to animals.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Entamoeba histolytica is classified under the phylum Apicomplexa.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sarcodina is a subphylum containing flagellates.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Genus and species names are combined to form trinomial nomenclature.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Microspora is a phylum containing Ciliates.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Trichomonas vaginalis can be transmitted through fecal-oral route.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    T.vaginalis can cause symptoms in infected males, making them symptomatic carriers of the infection.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Trichomoniasis can lead to an increased risk of aggressive prostate cancers if there is prolonged infection within the prostate.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    T.tenax infects humans in the oral cavity, while Pentatrichomonas hominis infects humans in the vaginal tract.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Laboratory diagnosis of T.vaginalis can be easily made based solely on the classic symptoms of trichomoniasis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Culture of T.vaginalis can be isolated from vaginal exudates but not urethral exudates.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most cases of trichomoniasis occur in developing countries where healthcare access is easy and facilities are abundant.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Entamoeba histolytica can be differentiated from other nonpathogenic amebae based on isoenzymatic or immunologic analysis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Molecular methods are not useful in distinguishing between E.histolytica and E.dispar.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blood examination for E.histolytica typically shows severe anemia.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Serological tests like ELISA, IHA, and IFA are not used in the diagnosis of amoebiasis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Trophozoites of Entamoeba dispar have a large glycogen vacuole that stains darkly with iodine.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Naegleria fowleri primarily forms cysts in human tissue.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Infection with Naegleria fowleri can be acquired through inhalation of dust containing infective forms.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis caused by Naegleria fowleri leads to disturbances in vision and hearing.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The disease caused by Naegleria fowleri usually results in death within 48 hours of the onset of symptoms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Paromomycin and iodoquinol are the drugs of choice for treating symptomatic E.histolytica infections.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Each cyst of Giardia lamblia gives rise to three trophozoites in the duodenum.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Trichomonas vaginalis lacks mitochondria and uses the Hydrogenosome for metabolism.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Entamoeba histolytica cysts can remain viable in a humid environment and stay infective for several weeks.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Leishmania parasites primarily invade the human body through ingestion of cysts in contaminated water or food.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ingestion of mature quadrinucleate cysts of E.histolytica may lead to extraintestinal amoebiasis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flies and cockroaches can serve as vectors for the transmission of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Symptoms of trichomoniasis in males are usually asymptomatic.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Each mature cyst of Entamoeba histolytica gives rise to eight small metacystic trophozoites during excystation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The nucleus of an Entamoeba histolytica cyst divides into four daughter nuclei during excystation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chilomastix mesnili is considered pathogenic and often causes severe gastrointestinal symptoms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Extraintestinal amoebiasis occurs in about 5-10% of individuals with intestinal amoebiasis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites can survive outside the human body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    E.histolytica and E.dispar represent two separate species, morphologically indistinguishable unless observed with ingested white blood cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Trichomoniasis can lead to an increased risk of aggressive prostate cancers if there is prolonged infection within the prostate.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica can survive and multiply outside the human body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ectoparasites are parasites that live within the body of the host.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Entamoeba coli is morphologically similar to Entamoeba histolytica due to its large size.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All protozoan and helminthic parasites of man are considered endoparasites.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Entamoeba hartmanni is morphologically distinct from Entamoeba histolytica due to its lack of a nucleus.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Extraintestinal amoebiasis can involve the liver leading to amoebic hepatitis and liver abscess.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    N. fowleri can be easily cultured by placing CSF on nutrient agar spread with a lawn of bacteria.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Leishmaniasis can be primarily prevented by avoiding contact with sandfly vectors.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Giardia lamblia trophozoites have mitochondria for energy production.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amphotericin B is considered an ineffective drug for treating PAM.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Humans can act as biological vectors for transmitting infections to other living creatures.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main mode of transmission for Leishmania spp. causing Leishmaniasis is through ingestion of cysts in contaminated water or food.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chronic infections caused by trichomoniasis can be effectively treated without antimicrobial treatment.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ingestion of mature quadrinucleate cysts of E.histolytica may lead to extraintestinal amoebiasis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Extraintestinal amoebiasis occurs in about 50-60% of individuals with intestinal amoebiasis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amphotericin B is an effective drug for treating Naegleria fowleri infections.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parasite types with their characteristics:

    <p>Microparasite = Small, unicellular, multiplies within vertebrate host Macroparasite = Large, multicellular, no direct reproduction within vertebrate host Ectoparasite = Live on the surface of the body Endoparasite = Live within the body of the host</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parasite locations with their descriptions:

    <p>Ectoparasites = Which live on the surface of the body Endoparasites = Which live within the body of the host</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parasite categories with their examples:

    <p>Macroparasite = Includes helminths Microparasite = Includes protozoa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their meanings:

    <p>Infestation = Infection by ectoparasites Infection = Invasion by endoparasites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parasite types with their reproduction methods:

    <p>Microparasite = Multiplies within its vertebrate host, often inside cells Macroparasite = Does not have direct reproduction within its vertebrate host</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parasite classifications with their exclusions:

    <p>Parasite (strict definition) = Excludes viruses, bacteria, and fungi Parasite (broad definition) = Includes any infectious agent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of host with its description:

    <p>Definitive host = Harbors the adult parasite, where the parasite replicates sexually Intermediate host = Host which alternates with the definitive host and harbors the larval or asexual stages of a parasite Paratenic host = Host in which larval stage of a parasite survives but does not develop further Reservoir host = Can harbor a pathogen indefinitely with no ill effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of relationship with its description:

    <p>Symbiosis = An association in which both host and parasite are so dependent upon each other that one cannot live without the help of the other Commensalism = An association in which only parasite may benefit without detectable damage to the host Parasitism = One partner (the parasite) harms or lives on the expense of the other Zoonosis = A disease communicable from animals to humans under natural conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the phylum of protozoa with its description:

    <p>Sarcomastigophora = Contains amoeba and flagellates Apicomplexa = Contains Sporozoa Ciliophora = Contains Ciliates Microspora =</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of protozoa with its classification:

    <p>Sarcodina (Amoebae) = Amoeboid organisms using pseudopodia for both locomotion and feeding Mastigophora = Entamoeba histolytica = Entamoeba coli =</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the genus with its definition:

    <p>Species = Designates a population capable of continued reproduction but usually cannot interbreed with individuals of other species Genus = A group of closely related species Binomial nomenclature = Entamoeba histolytica =</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their correct descriptions:

    <p>Trophozoites = 10-60 µm size, unidirectional motility, single pseudopodium Cysts = Passed in faeces, remain viable in a humid environment Metacyst = Liberated after lysis of cyst wall by trypsin in the small intestine Amoebic dysentery = Large number of trophozoites excreted with blood and mucus in stool</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following statements with the correct pathogenicity factors for Entamoeba histolytica:

    <p>Virulence of strain = A factor determining pathogenicity Resistance of the host = Dependent on innate immunity State of nutrition of the host = A factor that influences susceptibility to infection Bacterial flora = Can enhance invasiveness through metabolic processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following symptoms with the correct parasitic infection:

    <p>Fever, chills, bloody diarrhea = Symptoms of amoebic dysentery Mild abdominal discomfort or no symptoms = Some individuals infected with Entamoeba histolytica Aggressive brain cancers = Risk associated with prolonged infection by Trichomonas vaginalis Disturbances in vision and hearing = Symptoms of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis caused by Naegleria fowleri</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following forms with their correct descriptions in the life cycle of Entamoeba histolytica:

    <p>Excystation = Process where each nucleus divides by binary fission giving rise to eight nuclei Encystation = Process where chromatin materials are concentrated into bars in the cytoplasm of the cyst Metacystic trophozoites = Carried into the caecum in the faecal stream after excystation Hexanucleate cysts = Mature cysts containing four nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their correct extraintestinal manifestations in Entamoeba histolytica infection:

    <p>Hepatic amoebiasis = Infection involving multiplication of trophozoites in the liver leading to abscesses Amoebomas = Pseudotumoral lesions associated with necrosis, inflammation, and oedema General circulation involvement = Abscesses growing in various directions affecting lungs, brain, spleen, skin, etc. Pathogenicity factors = Factors influencing severity include virulence, host resistance, nutrition, co-infections, and intestinal irritation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following diagnostic method with the correct description:

    <p>Wet mount and permanently stained preparations = Microscopic identification of cysts and trophozoites in stool samples Blood examination = Shows moderate leukocytosis Serological tests = In later stages of invasive amoebiasis, antibodies appear Histology = Trophozoites can be identified in aspirates or biopsy samples obtained during colonoscopy or surgery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following treatment with the correct type of infection:

    <p>Paromomycin or iodoquinol = Asymptomatic infections Metronidazole or tinidazole = Immediately followed by treatment with paromomycin or iodoquinol Failure of metronidazole therapy = May be an indication for surgical intervention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the nonpathogenic amoeba with its distinguishing feature:

    <p>Entamoeba dispar = Smaller in size compared to E.histolytica Entamoeba hartmanni = Distinguished by having an eccentric endosome and mature cysts with 8 nuclei Entamoeba coli = Contains a large glycogen vacuole that stains darkly with iodine Iodamoeba butschlii = Chromatoidal bodies have splintered ends, rather than rounded as in E.histolytica</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the opportunistic amoeba with its characteristic:

    <p>Naegleria fowleri = Does not form a cyst in human tissue, only exists in the amoeboid trophozoite stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the life cycle stage of Naegleria fowleri with its behavior:

    <p>Amoeboid form = Invasive stage of the parasite Flagellate form = Could enter the nose but reverts to amoeboid form for invasion Cysts = Do not form in human tissue, only exist in amoeboid stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parasites with their primary habitat:

    <p>Giardia lamblia = Duodenum and upper part of jejunum Chilomastix mesnili = Human cecum and/or colon Trichomonas vaginalis = Human urogenital tract Entamoeba histolytica = Large intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following diagnostic methods with the parasites they are used for:

    <p>General Stool Examination (GSE) = Giardia lamblia ELISA = Giardia lamblia Entero test (string test) = Chilomastix mesnili Biopsy = Trichomonas vaginalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following treatments with the parasites they are effective against:

    <p>Metronidazole = Giardia lamblia Tinidazole = Trichomonas vaginalis Furazolidone = Chilomastix mesnili Antibiotic causing nausea = Giardia lamblia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following characteristics with the correct parasite:

    <p>Binary fission for multiplication = Giardia lamblia Jerky motility = Trichomonas vaginalis Lacks a cystic stage = Trichomonas vaginalis Resistant cyst stage in life cycle responsible for transmission = Chilomastix mesnili</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following symptoms with the correct parasite infection:

    <p>Severe diarrhea of steatorrhea type, epigastric pain, flatulence = Giardia lamblia Important venereal disease, transmitted through vaginal intercourse = Trichomonas vaginalis Often occurs with other parasite infections, non-pathogenic (commensal) = Chilomastix mesnili Inflammation and shortening of villi in small intestine, nutrient blockage = Giardia lamblia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their correct definitions:

    <p>Vector = An organism that transmits infection from one host to another Reservoir host = A host that allows the pathogen to live and multiply Mechanical vector = A vector that assists in transferring parasitic forms between hosts but is not essential in the life cycle of the parasite Biological vector = A vector in whose body the pathogenic organism develops and multiplies before being transmitted to the next host, essential in the life cycle of the parasite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following protozoan terms with their characteristics:

    <p>Giardia lamblia trophozoite = Has two nuclei, four pairs of flagella, and lacks mitochondria Giardia lamblia cyst = Smaller than trophozoites, carbohydrate-rich cell wall, and two to four nuclei Entamoeba histolytica trophozoite = Can survive outside the human body Entamoeba coli trophozoite = Morphologically similar to E.histolytica due to its large size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms related to parasites with their descriptions:

    <p>Amoebic dysentery = Caused by E.histolytica and can lead to pseudotumoral lesions Trichomoniasis = Can lead to an increased risk of aggressive prostate cancers with prolonged infection Naegleria fowleri infection = Primarily acquired through ingestion of contaminated water Leishmaniasis transmission = Direct reproduction within the vertebrate host</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their correct roles in infectious diseases:

    <p>Amphotericin B = Antinaeglerial agent with evidence of clinical effectiveness Antibacterial antibiotics and antiamoebic drugs = Ineffective for N. fowleri infections Metronidazole = Drug of choice for asymptomatic E.histolytica infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following features of protozoan parasites with their correct description:

    <p>Giardia lamblia life cycle stages = Consists of trophozoite and cyst stages Giardia lamblia transmission stage = Cysts excreted in feces, can survive for weeks in the environment Giardia lamblia cyst structure = Has a carbohydrate-rich cell wall, protects from the environment, and contains two to four nuclei Giardia lamblia mode of infection = Ingestion of cysts in faecally contaminated water or food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following symptoms with the correct gender affected by trichomoniasis:

    <p>Vaginal discharge, irritation, dysuria, low abdominal discomfort = Females Usually asymptomatic, acting as carriers of infection = Males Can cause dysuria and increase risk of aggressive prostate cancers = Males May not appear for up to six months = Females</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following species with their respective location of infection in human beings:

    <p>T.tenax = Oral cavity Pentatrichomonas hominis = Intestinal tract T.vaginalis = Vaginal tract Naegleria fowleri = Human tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following diagnostic methods with the correct parasites:

    <p>Microscopic examination for diagnosis = T.vaginalis Culture isolation from urethral and vaginal exudates = T.vaginalis PCR testing not used for diagnosis = Entamoeba histolytica Diagnosis not solely based on classic symptoms = T.vaginalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Primary usage of adhesion proteins, cysteine proteases, and lipophosphoglycan (LPG) = Pathogenesis and evasion of host immunity Role of time, temperature, and pH in adhesion of T.vaginalis = Critical step in pathogenesis Timeframe for symptoms to appear after exposure to T.vaginalis = Four days to one month Role of nitroimidazole antibiotics in treatment of trichomoniasis = Cure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their correct descriptions related to laboratory diagnosis:

    <p>Most traditional method for diagnosing trichomoniasis = Microscopic examination Isolation from urethral and vaginal exudates on commercially available media = Culture T.vaginalis Difficulty in diagnosing solely based on symptoms due to similarity with other STDs = Diagnosis of T.vaginalis Challenges in developing countries for accessing healthcare and treatment availability = Occurrence of trichomoniasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following statements with the correct parasites or infections:

    <p>Cyst transmission through contaminated water or food = Giardia lamblia Protozoan parasite causing chronic infections without antimicrobial treatment = Trichomoniasis Infection primarily in developing countries with limited healthcare access = Trichomoniasis Transmission through ingestion of cysts in contaminated water or food = Leishmania parasites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Leishmaniasis

    • The main mode of transmission for Leishmania spp. is through the bites of infected sandflies.
    • Old World leishmaniasis is transmitted by the Phlebotomus sandfly, while New World leishmaniasis is transmitted by the Lutzomyia sandfly.
    • The life cycle of Leishmania spp. typically occurs in two hosts: the vertebrate host (human or animal) and the invertebrate host (sandfly).
    • In the alimentary canal of the sandfly, promastigotes transform into metacyclic promastigotes.

    Forms of Leishmaniasis

    • Cutaneous leishmaniasis is caused by L. mexicana and L. braziliensis, and is characterized by skin lesions.
    • Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, also known as espundia, is caused by L. braziliensis and is characterized by widespread skin lesions resembling leprosy.
    • Visceral leishmaniasis, also known as kala-azar, is caused by L. donovani and is the most severe form.

    Diagnosis and Prevention

    • The Leishmanin test is negative in active cases of kala-azar.
    • Diagnosis of Post-Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis (PKDL) can be established through clinical and parasitological examinations.
    • Leishmaniasis can be partly prevented by controlling the sandfly population and using protective measures such as bed nets.

    Leishmania Parasites

    • Leishmania parasites primarily invade the human body through the bite of an infected sandfly.
    • Untreated Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis can lead to widespread skin lesions and disfigurement.
    • The primary mode of spread of Leishmania from one host to another is through the bite of an infected sandfly.

    Other Parasites

    • Trichomonas vaginalis is a protozoan parasite that causes trichomoniasis, a sexually transmitted infection.
    • Giardia lamblia is an intestinal parasite that causes giardiasis, a diarrheal disease.
    • Naegleria fowleri is a free-living amoeba that causes primary amoebic meningoencephalitis, a rare but deadly infection.
    • Entamoeba histolytica is a protozoan parasite that causes amoebiasis, a diarrheal disease.

    General Parasitology

    • Microparasites are small, single-celled organisms that reproduce within their vertebrate host.
    • Ectoparasites are parasites that live on the outside of their host, such as ticks and fleas.
    • Obligate parasites are dependent on their host for survival, while facultative parasites can live freely outside their host.
    • Accidental parasites infect unusual hosts, while aberrant parasites attack hosts where they cannot live or develop further.

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    Description

    Learn about Leishmaniasis, a disease caused by Leishmania spp. and transmitted by specific sandflies. Understand the geographical distribution of Old World and New World Leishmaniasis, along with the different species responsible for each type.

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