Blood and Tissue Flagellates: Leishmaniasis Disease

What is the main mode of transmission for Leishmania spp. causing Leishmaniasis?

Which of the following sandfly genera transmits Old World leishmaniasis?

In which hosts does the life cycle of Leishmania spp. typically occur?

What do promastigotes transform into in the alimentary canal of the sandfly?

What term refers to Leishmaniasis caused by L.mexicana and L.braziliensis?

Where do promastigotes typically invade once inside the human host?

Why is the Leishmanin test negative in active cases of kala-azar?

How can the diagnosis of Post-Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis (PKDL) be established?

What causes Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, also known as espundia?

How do Leishmania parasites primarily invade the human body?

What is the potential consequence of untreated Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis?

How can Leishmaniasis be partly prevented according to the text?

What is the main habitat of Leishmania donovani causing visceral leishmaniasis?

Which form of leishmaniasis is characterized by the presence of widespread skin lesions resembling leprosy?

What is the primary mode of spread of Leishmania from one host to another?

Which test is commonly used for diagnosis through delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction to intradermal crude Leishmania antigen?

What is the main risk factor associated with the transmission of Leishmania parasites?

Which of the following is NOT a symptom commonly associated with visceral leishmaniasis?

What is the primary method used to isolate the Leishmania organism for identification in culture?

Which form of leishmaniasis is known as black fever and is the most severe form?

What term is used for the secondary form of visceral leishmaniasis caused by L. donovani characterized by skin lesions on the face and body?

'DNA testing (PCR)' is commonly used in diagnosing which type of infection?

A microparasite is characterized by being large, multicellular, and reproducing within its vertebrate host.

Medical parasitology only deals with infections caused by protozoa and excludes viruses, bacteria, and fungi.

Ectoparasites are parasites that live within the body of the host.

All protozoan and helminthic parasites of man are considered endoparasites.

Leishmania spp. can be transmitted from one host to another through direct reproduction within the vertebrate host.

Infection by ectoparasites is known as infestation.

Obligate parasites can exist without a host.

Facultative parasites always live a free-living existence.

Accidental parasites only attack usual hosts.

Aberrant parasites always develop further in the host they attack.

Free-living stages of parasites are always dependent on a host for survival.

Definitive hosts harbor the larval stages of a parasite.

Paratenic hosts are essential for the completion of the life cycle of every parasite.

Reservoir hosts can harbor a pathogen indefinitely with severe ill effects.

AIDS compromises the normal defense mechanisms in a host.

Symbiosis refers to an association where both host and parasite harm each other.

Trophozoites of E.histolytica can survive and multiply outside the human body.

Cysts of E.histolytica are passed in urine.

Flies and cockroaches can act as vectors for the transmission of E.histolytica cysts.

Metacystic trophozoites are carried in the blood stream into the caecum.

The nucleus of the cyst of E.histolytica divides into four daughter nuclei during excystation.

E.histolytica and E.dispar are morphologically distinguishable under a microscope.

The pathogenesis of amoebiasis primarily involves infection of the brain.

Extraintestinal amoebiasis occurs in about 50-60% of individuals with intestinal amoebiasis.

Amoebic dysentery can result in pseudotumoral lesions associated with necrosis, inflammation, and oedema.

The resistance of the host plays a role in the pathogenicity of E.histolytica infection.

Entamoeba dispar can be morphologically differentiated from E.histolytica by its larger size.

Cysts and trophozoites in stool samples are commonly identified using the Gram stain method.

Mature cysts of E.histolytica contain 6 nuclei.

Naegleria fowleri forms cysts in human tissue.

Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis caused by Naegleria fowleri typically leads to death within 24 hours of symptom onset.

Infection with Naegleria fowleri is primarily acquired through ingestion of contaminated water.

Entamoeba hartmanni is morphologically distinct from E.histolytica due to its lack of a nucleus.

Metronidazole is the drug of choice for asymptomatic Entamoeba histolytica infections.

Iodamoeba butschlii is morphologically similar to E.histolytica due to its rounded chromatoidal bodies.

PCR testing is not used in the diagnosis of Entamoeba histolytica infections.

N. fowleri can be effectively treated with antibacterial antibiotics and antiamoebic drugs.

The most common intestinal parasite in the world is Giardia lamblia.

Cysts are the transmission stage of Giardia lamblia and are ingested by humans through contaminated water or food.

Amphotericin B is an ineffective drug for treating Naegleria fowleri infections.

A vector in the context of infectious diseases is always a nonhuman organism.

Leishmaniasis can be transmitted from one host to another through mechanical vectors like houseflies.

Giardia lamblia trophozoites lack mitochondria.

Humans are considered reservoir hosts for Leishmania parasites.

Cysts of Giardia lamblia are excreted in the feces of infected individuals where they can survive for months.

Amoebae use bacteria as food, producing plaques as they clear the bacteria on nutrient agar.

Adhesion proteins, cysteine proteases, and lipophosphoglycan (LPG) have similar roles in the pathogenesis of T.vaginalis.

Symptoms of trichomoniasis in males are typically more severe than in females.

Trichomoniasis can lead to an increased risk of aggressive prostate cancers if there is prolonged infection within the prostate.

T.tenax infects humans in the intestinal tract.

Diagnosis of T.vaginalis can be solely based on classic symptoms without the need for laboratory tests.

Most cases of trichomoniasis occur in developing countries due to limited healthcare facilities and difficulty in accessing healthcare.

Excystation of Giardia lamblia occurs in the duodenum due to exposure to high pH and acidic enzymes.

Trophozoites of Giardia lamblia move by binary fusion to colonize in the large intestine.

Giardia lamblia commonly penetrates the intestinal wall causing severe inflammation.

Metronidazole is the only antibiotic used to treat giardiasis.

Chilomastix mesnili is considered pathogenic and often causes severe gastrointestinal symptoms.

Trichomonas vaginalis has a cystic stage in its life cycle.

Genital flagellates are transmitted through fecal-oral route.

Trophozoites of Trichomonas vaginalis undergo mitotic division to reproduce.

The Hydrogenosome in Trichomonas vaginalis is primarily involved in motility.

Trichomoniasis is one of the most common venereal diseases transmitted via contaminated water.

Ectoparasites live within the body of the host.

All protozoan and helminthic parasites of man are considered endoparasites.

Microparasites are large, multicellular, and reproduce outside their vertebrate host.

Amphotericin B is an effective drug for treating Naegleria fowleri infections.

Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis caused by Naegleria fowleri can lead to death within 24 hours of symptom onset.

Trichomoniasis is transmitted through the fecal-oral route.

Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites can survive outside the human body.

Facultative parasites can only live as free-living organisms.

Cysts of E.histolytica can remain viable in a dry environment for several days.

Flies and cockroaches can serve as vectors for the transmission of E.histolytica trophozoites.

Aberrant parasites attack hosts where they cannot live or develop further.

Paratenic hosts are necessary for the completion of the life cycle of some parasites.

The nucleus of an E.histolytica cyst divides into four daughter nuclei during excystation.

Reservoir hosts can harbor pathogens indefinitely with severe ill effects.

E.histolytica and E.dispar are morphologically indistinguishable unless observed with ingested white blood cells.

Hepatic amoebiasis is a common extraintestinal manifestation of E.histolytica infection.

Compromised hosts are extremely resistant to a variety of pathogens.

Entamoeba histolytica infection is primarily transmitted through mechanical vectors like houseflies.

Commensalism in host-parasite relationships means both partners benefit without causing harm to each other.

Amoebic dysentery caused by E.histolytica can lead to the formation of pseudotumoral lesions.

Giardia lamblia is an example of a protozoan parasite classified under Apicomplexa.

Leishmaniasis primarily occurs in humans due to direct transmission from animals.

The pathogenicity of E.histolytica infection is influenced by factors such as virulence of strain and host resistance.

All species within the same genus have essentially the same genetic characters.

Ingestion of mature quadrinucleate cysts of E.histolytica may lead to extraintestinal amoebiasis.

Vector insects are always essential for the completion of a pathogen's life cycle.

Entamoeba dispar can be differentiated from E.histolytica based solely on microscopic identification of cysts and trophozoites in stool samples.

Blood examination for Entamoeba histolytica typically shows severe leukocytosis.

Serological tests like ELISA and IHA are used in the early stages of invasive amoebiasis to detect antibodies.

Mature cysts of Iodamoeba butschlii contain 8 nuclei.

Naegleria fowleri can form cysts in human tissue where only the amoeboid trophozoite stage exists.

The flagellate forms or cysts of Naegleria fowleri can enter the nose, leading to infection.

Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis caused by Naegleria fowleri typically leads to death within 72 hours of symptom onset.

Paratenic hosts play a crucial role in the life cycle of Entamoeba histolytica.

Entamoeba coli is morphologically similar to E.histolytica due to its large size.

Opportunistic amoebae like Naegleria fowleri are commonly found in chlorinated swimming pools.

Adhesion of T.vaginalis to vaginal epithelial cells is not a critical step in pathogenesis.

Symptoms of trichomoniasis in males are usually asymptomatic.

Prolonged infection with T.vaginalis can increase the risk of aggressive brain cancers.

T.tenax infects human beings in the oral cavity.

The diagnosis of trichomoniasis can solely rely on classic symptoms without the need for laboratory tests.

Chronic infections caused by trichomoniasis can be effectively treated without antimicrobial treatment.

N. fowleri can be cultivated by placing CSF on nutrient agar spread with a lawn of washed bacteria.

Almost all cases of PAM are diagnosed during autopsies due to the slow progression of the disease.

Amphotericin B is considered an effective treatment for PAM.

Metronidazole is the drug of choice for treating PAM infections.

Humans can act as biological vectors for transmitting infections to other living creatures.

Giardia lamblia trophozoites have mitochondria for energy production.

Cysts of Giardia lamblia are excreted in the feces of infected individuals where they can survive for weeks.

Leishmania parasites primarily invade the human body through ingestion of cysts in contaminated water or food.

'Vector' is a term used to describe an organism that serves as an intermediary host for a parasite.

A housefly can be classified as a biological vector in the transmission of Entamoeba histolytica cysts.

When ingested, each cyst of Giardia lamblia gives rise to three trophozoites in the duodenum.

Trophozoites of Giardia lamblia can penetrate the intestinal wall causing direct physical blockage of nutrient uptake.

Chilomastix mesnili has a cystic stage in its life cycle responsible for transmission.

Trichomonas vaginalis has a cystic stage in its life cycle.

The Hydrogenosome in Trichomonas vaginalis is primarily involved in metabolism.

Trichomonas vaginalis can be transmitted through vaginal intercourse.

Metronidazole is the antibiotic of choice to treat giardiasis in children.

Post-Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis can be diagnosed through multiple stool examinations.

Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites undergo mitotic division to reproduce outside the human body.

Trichomonas vaginalis lacks mitochondria and uses the Hydrogenosome for metabolism.

Endoparasites live on the surface of the body.

All protozoan and helminthic parasites of man are considered endoparasites.

Ectoparasites are important as vectors transmitting pathogenic microorganisms.

Microparasites are multicellular.

Giardia lamblia is a macroparasite.

All infectious agents can be classified as parasites.

Accidental parasites attack their typical host e.g. Echinococcus granulosus in man.

Paratenic hosts are necessary for the completion of the life cycle of some parasites.

Reservoir hosts experience ill effects from harboring a pathogen indefinitely.

Commensalism describes an association where both the parasite and the host benefit.

Zoonosis refers to diseases that are transmitted from humans to animals.

Entamoeba histolytica is classified under the phylum Apicomplexa.

Sarcodina is a subphylum containing flagellates.

Genus and species names are combined to form trinomial nomenclature.

Microspora is a phylum containing Ciliates.

Trichomonas vaginalis can be transmitted through fecal-oral route.

T.vaginalis can cause symptoms in infected males, making them symptomatic carriers of the infection.

Trichomoniasis can lead to an increased risk of aggressive prostate cancers if there is prolonged infection within the prostate.

T.tenax infects humans in the oral cavity, while Pentatrichomonas hominis infects humans in the vaginal tract.

Laboratory diagnosis of T.vaginalis can be easily made based solely on the classic symptoms of trichomoniasis.

Culture of T.vaginalis can be isolated from vaginal exudates but not urethral exudates.

Most cases of trichomoniasis occur in developing countries where healthcare access is easy and facilities are abundant.

Entamoeba histolytica can be differentiated from other nonpathogenic amebae based on isoenzymatic or immunologic analysis.

Molecular methods are not useful in distinguishing between E.histolytica and E.dispar.

Blood examination for E.histolytica typically shows severe anemia.

Serological tests like ELISA, IHA, and IFA are not used in the diagnosis of amoebiasis.

Trophozoites of Entamoeba dispar have a large glycogen vacuole that stains darkly with iodine.

Naegleria fowleri primarily forms cysts in human tissue.

Infection with Naegleria fowleri can be acquired through inhalation of dust containing infective forms.

Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis caused by Naegleria fowleri leads to disturbances in vision and hearing.

The disease caused by Naegleria fowleri usually results in death within 48 hours of the onset of symptoms.

Paromomycin and iodoquinol are the drugs of choice for treating symptomatic E.histolytica infections.

Each cyst of Giardia lamblia gives rise to three trophozoites in the duodenum.

Trichomonas vaginalis lacks mitochondria and uses the Hydrogenosome for metabolism.

Entamoeba histolytica cysts can remain viable in a humid environment and stay infective for several weeks.

Leishmania parasites primarily invade the human body through ingestion of cysts in contaminated water or food.

Ingestion of mature quadrinucleate cysts of E.histolytica may lead to extraintestinal amoebiasis.

Flies and cockroaches can serve as vectors for the transmission of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites.

Symptoms of trichomoniasis in males are usually asymptomatic.

Each mature cyst of Entamoeba histolytica gives rise to eight small metacystic trophozoites during excystation.

The nucleus of an Entamoeba histolytica cyst divides into four daughter nuclei during excystation.

Chilomastix mesnili is considered pathogenic and often causes severe gastrointestinal symptoms.

Extraintestinal amoebiasis occurs in about 5-10% of individuals with intestinal amoebiasis.

Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites can survive outside the human body.

E.histolytica and E.dispar represent two separate species, morphologically indistinguishable unless observed with ingested white blood cells.

Trichomoniasis can lead to an increased risk of aggressive prostate cancers if there is prolonged infection within the prostate.

Trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica can survive and multiply outside the human body.

Ectoparasites are parasites that live within the body of the host.

Entamoeba coli is morphologically similar to Entamoeba histolytica due to its large size.

All protozoan and helminthic parasites of man are considered endoparasites.

Entamoeba hartmanni is morphologically distinct from Entamoeba histolytica due to its lack of a nucleus.

Extraintestinal amoebiasis can involve the liver leading to amoebic hepatitis and liver abscess.

N. fowleri can be easily cultured by placing CSF on nutrient agar spread with a lawn of bacteria.

Leishmaniasis can be primarily prevented by avoiding contact with sandfly vectors.

Giardia lamblia trophozoites have mitochondria for energy production.

Amphotericin B is considered an ineffective drug for treating PAM.

Humans can act as biological vectors for transmitting infections to other living creatures.

The main mode of transmission for Leishmania spp. causing Leishmaniasis is through ingestion of cysts in contaminated water or food.

Chronic infections caused by trichomoniasis can be effectively treated without antimicrobial treatment.

Ingestion of mature quadrinucleate cysts of E.histolytica may lead to extraintestinal amoebiasis.

Extraintestinal amoebiasis occurs in about 50-60% of individuals with intestinal amoebiasis.

Amphotericin B is an effective drug for treating Naegleria fowleri infections.

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