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By @mnjpkulkarni

Blood and Tissue Flagellates: Leishmaniasis Disease

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Questions and Answers

What is the main mode of transmission for Leishmania spp. causing Leishmaniasis?

Spread by the bite of certain types of sandflies

Which of the following sandfly genera transmits Old World leishmaniasis?

Phlebotomus

In which hosts does the life cycle of Leishmania spp. typically occur?

Humans and sandflies

What do promastigotes transform into in the alimentary canal of the sandfly?

<p>Promastigotes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to Leishmaniasis caused by L.mexicana and L.braziliensis?

<p>New World leishmaniasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do promastigotes typically invade once inside the human host?

<p>Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the Leishmanin test negative in active cases of kala-azar?

<p>Due to impaired Cell-mediated immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can the diagnosis of Post-Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis (PKDL) be established?

<p>By demonstrating amastigote form of L. donovani in a Leishman-stained smear</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, also known as espundia?

<p>Infection by L. braziliensis and L. mexicana</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do Leishmania parasites primarily invade the human body?

<p>By invading human macrophages and replicating intracellularly</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential consequence of untreated Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis?

<p>Development of severe mucosal ulcers in the nose and mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can Leishmaniasis be partly prevented according to the text?

<p>Sleeping under nets treated with insecticide</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main habitat of Leishmania donovani causing visceral leishmaniasis?

<p>Liver, spleen, bone marrow, and lymph nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which form of leishmaniasis is characterized by the presence of widespread skin lesions resembling leprosy?

<p>Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of spread of Leishmania from one host to another?

<p>Through the bite of sandflies</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which test is commonly used for diagnosis through delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction to intradermal crude Leishmania antigen?

<p>Montenegro test</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main risk factor associated with the transmission of Leishmania parasites?

<p>Poverty and malnutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a symptom commonly associated with visceral leishmaniasis?

<p>Open sore at bite site</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method used to isolate the Leishmania organism for identification in culture?

<p>Visualization of amastigotes in splenic aspirate</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which form of leishmaniasis is known as black fever and is the most severe form?

<p>Visceral leishmaniasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used for the secondary form of visceral leishmaniasis caused by L. donovani characterized by skin lesions on the face and body?

<p>'Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis'</p> Signup and view all the answers

'DNA testing (PCR)' is commonly used in diagnosing which type of infection?

<p>'Leishmaniasis'</p> Signup and view all the answers

A microparasite is characterized by being large, multicellular, and reproducing within its vertebrate host.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Medical parasitology only deals with infections caused by protozoa and excludes viruses, bacteria, and fungi.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ectoparasites are parasites that live within the body of the host.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

All protozoan and helminthic parasites of man are considered endoparasites.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Leishmania spp. can be transmitted from one host to another through direct reproduction within the vertebrate host.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Infection by ectoparasites is known as infestation.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Obligate parasites can exist without a host.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Facultative parasites always live a free-living existence.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Accidental parasites only attack usual hosts.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Aberrant parasites always develop further in the host they attack.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Free-living stages of parasites are always dependent on a host for survival.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Definitive hosts harbor the larval stages of a parasite.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Paratenic hosts are essential for the completion of the life cycle of every parasite.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Reservoir hosts can harbor a pathogen indefinitely with severe ill effects.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

AIDS compromises the normal defense mechanisms in a host.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Symbiosis refers to an association where both host and parasite harm each other.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Trophozoites of E.histolytica can survive and multiply outside the human body.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cysts of E.histolytica are passed in urine.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flies and cockroaches can act as vectors for the transmission of E.histolytica cysts.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Metacystic trophozoites are carried in the blood stream into the caecum.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The nucleus of the cyst of E.histolytica divides into four daughter nuclei during excystation.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

E.histolytica and E.dispar are morphologically distinguishable under a microscope.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The pathogenesis of amoebiasis primarily involves infection of the brain.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Extraintestinal amoebiasis occurs in about 50-60% of individuals with intestinal amoebiasis.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Amoebic dysentery can result in pseudotumoral lesions associated with necrosis, inflammation, and oedema.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The resistance of the host plays a role in the pathogenicity of E.histolytica infection.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Entamoeba dispar can be morphologically differentiated from E.histolytica by its larger size.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cysts and trophozoites in stool samples are commonly identified using the Gram stain method.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mature cysts of E.histolytica contain 6 nuclei.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Naegleria fowleri forms cysts in human tissue.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis caused by Naegleria fowleri typically leads to death within 24 hours of symptom onset.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Infection with Naegleria fowleri is primarily acquired through ingestion of contaminated water.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Entamoeba hartmanni is morphologically distinct from E.histolytica due to its lack of a nucleus.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Metronidazole is the drug of choice for asymptomatic Entamoeba histolytica infections.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Iodamoeba butschlii is morphologically similar to E.histolytica due to its rounded chromatoidal bodies.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

PCR testing is not used in the diagnosis of Entamoeba histolytica infections.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

N. fowleri can be effectively treated with antibacterial antibiotics and antiamoebic drugs.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The most common intestinal parasite in the world is Giardia lamblia.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cysts are the transmission stage of Giardia lamblia and are ingested by humans through contaminated water or food.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Amphotericin B is an ineffective drug for treating Naegleria fowleri infections.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

A vector in the context of infectious diseases is always a nonhuman organism.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Leishmaniasis can be transmitted from one host to another through mechanical vectors like houseflies.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Giardia lamblia trophozoites lack mitochondria.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Humans are considered reservoir hosts for Leishmania parasites.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cysts of Giardia lamblia are excreted in the feces of infected individuals where they can survive for months.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Amoebae use bacteria as food, producing plaques as they clear the bacteria on nutrient agar.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Adhesion proteins, cysteine proteases, and lipophosphoglycan (LPG) have similar roles in the pathogenesis of T.vaginalis.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Symptoms of trichomoniasis in males are typically more severe than in females.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Trichomoniasis can lead to an increased risk of aggressive prostate cancers if there is prolonged infection within the prostate.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

T.tenax infects humans in the intestinal tract.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Diagnosis of T.vaginalis can be solely based on classic symptoms without the need for laboratory tests.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Most cases of trichomoniasis occur in developing countries due to limited healthcare facilities and difficulty in accessing healthcare.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Excystation of Giardia lamblia occurs in the duodenum due to exposure to high pH and acidic enzymes.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Trophozoites of Giardia lamblia move by binary fusion to colonize in the large intestine.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Giardia lamblia commonly penetrates the intestinal wall causing severe inflammation.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Metronidazole is the only antibiotic used to treat giardiasis.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chilomastix mesnili is considered pathogenic and often causes severe gastrointestinal symptoms.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Trichomonas vaginalis has a cystic stage in its life cycle.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Genital flagellates are transmitted through fecal-oral route.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Trophozoites of Trichomonas vaginalis undergo mitotic division to reproduce.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Hydrogenosome in Trichomonas vaginalis is primarily involved in motility.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Trichomoniasis is one of the most common venereal diseases transmitted via contaminated water.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ectoparasites live within the body of the host.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

All protozoan and helminthic parasites of man are considered endoparasites.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Microparasites are large, multicellular, and reproduce outside their vertebrate host.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Amphotericin B is an effective drug for treating Naegleria fowleri infections.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis caused by Naegleria fowleri can lead to death within 24 hours of symptom onset.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Trichomoniasis is transmitted through the fecal-oral route.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites can survive outside the human body.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Facultative parasites can only live as free-living organisms.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cysts of E.histolytica can remain viable in a dry environment for several days.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flies and cockroaches can serve as vectors for the transmission of E.histolytica trophozoites.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Aberrant parasites attack hosts where they cannot live or develop further.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Paratenic hosts are necessary for the completion of the life cycle of some parasites.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The nucleus of an E.histolytica cyst divides into four daughter nuclei during excystation.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Reservoir hosts can harbor pathogens indefinitely with severe ill effects.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

E.histolytica and E.dispar are morphologically indistinguishable unless observed with ingested white blood cells.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hepatic amoebiasis is a common extraintestinal manifestation of E.histolytica infection.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Compromised hosts are extremely resistant to a variety of pathogens.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Entamoeba histolytica infection is primarily transmitted through mechanical vectors like houseflies.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Commensalism in host-parasite relationships means both partners benefit without causing harm to each other.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Amoebic dysentery caused by E.histolytica can lead to the formation of pseudotumoral lesions.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Giardia lamblia is an example of a protozoan parasite classified under Apicomplexa.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Leishmaniasis primarily occurs in humans due to direct transmission from animals.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The pathogenicity of E.histolytica infection is influenced by factors such as virulence of strain and host resistance.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

All species within the same genus have essentially the same genetic characters.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ingestion of mature quadrinucleate cysts of E.histolytica may lead to extraintestinal amoebiasis.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vector insects are always essential for the completion of a pathogen's life cycle.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Entamoeba dispar can be differentiated from E.histolytica based solely on microscopic identification of cysts and trophozoites in stool samples.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Blood examination for Entamoeba histolytica typically shows severe leukocytosis.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Serological tests like ELISA and IHA are used in the early stages of invasive amoebiasis to detect antibodies.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mature cysts of Iodamoeba butschlii contain 8 nuclei.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Naegleria fowleri can form cysts in human tissue where only the amoeboid trophozoite stage exists.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The flagellate forms or cysts of Naegleria fowleri can enter the nose, leading to infection.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis caused by Naegleria fowleri typically leads to death within 72 hours of symptom onset.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Paratenic hosts play a crucial role in the life cycle of Entamoeba histolytica.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Entamoeba coli is morphologically similar to E.histolytica due to its large size.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Opportunistic amoebae like Naegleria fowleri are commonly found in chlorinated swimming pools.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Adhesion of T.vaginalis to vaginal epithelial cells is not a critical step in pathogenesis.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Symptoms of trichomoniasis in males are usually asymptomatic.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Prolonged infection with T.vaginalis can increase the risk of aggressive brain cancers.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

T.tenax infects human beings in the oral cavity.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The diagnosis of trichomoniasis can solely rely on classic symptoms without the need for laboratory tests.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chronic infections caused by trichomoniasis can be effectively treated without antimicrobial treatment.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

N. fowleri can be cultivated by placing CSF on nutrient agar spread with a lawn of washed bacteria.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Almost all cases of PAM are diagnosed during autopsies due to the slow progression of the disease.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Amphotericin B is considered an effective treatment for PAM.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Metronidazole is the drug of choice for treating PAM infections.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Humans can act as biological vectors for transmitting infections to other living creatures.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Giardia lamblia trophozoites have mitochondria for energy production.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cysts of Giardia lamblia are excreted in the feces of infected individuals where they can survive for weeks.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Leishmania parasites primarily invade the human body through ingestion of cysts in contaminated water or food.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Vector' is a term used to describe an organism that serves as an intermediary host for a parasite.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

A housefly can be classified as a biological vector in the transmission of Entamoeba histolytica cysts.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

When ingested, each cyst of Giardia lamblia gives rise to three trophozoites in the duodenum.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Trophozoites of Giardia lamblia can penetrate the intestinal wall causing direct physical blockage of nutrient uptake.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chilomastix mesnili has a cystic stage in its life cycle responsible for transmission.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Trichomonas vaginalis has a cystic stage in its life cycle.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Hydrogenosome in Trichomonas vaginalis is primarily involved in metabolism.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Trichomonas vaginalis can be transmitted through vaginal intercourse.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Metronidazole is the antibiotic of choice to treat giardiasis in children.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Post-Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis can be diagnosed through multiple stool examinations.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites undergo mitotic division to reproduce outside the human body.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Trichomonas vaginalis lacks mitochondria and uses the Hydrogenosome for metabolism.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Endoparasites live on the surface of the body.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

All protozoan and helminthic parasites of man are considered endoparasites.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ectoparasites are important as vectors transmitting pathogenic microorganisms.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Microparasites are multicellular.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Giardia lamblia is a macroparasite.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

All infectious agents can be classified as parasites.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Accidental parasites attack their typical host e.g. Echinococcus granulosus in man.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Paratenic hosts are necessary for the completion of the life cycle of some parasites.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Reservoir hosts experience ill effects from harboring a pathogen indefinitely.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Commensalism describes an association where both the parasite and the host benefit.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Zoonosis refers to diseases that are transmitted from humans to animals.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Entamoeba histolytica is classified under the phylum Apicomplexa.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sarcodina is a subphylum containing flagellates.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Genus and species names are combined to form trinomial nomenclature.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Microspora is a phylum containing Ciliates.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Trichomonas vaginalis can be transmitted through fecal-oral route.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

T.vaginalis can cause symptoms in infected males, making them symptomatic carriers of the infection.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Trichomoniasis can lead to an increased risk of aggressive prostate cancers if there is prolonged infection within the prostate.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

T.tenax infects humans in the oral cavity, while Pentatrichomonas hominis infects humans in the vaginal tract.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Laboratory diagnosis of T.vaginalis can be easily made based solely on the classic symptoms of trichomoniasis.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Culture of T.vaginalis can be isolated from vaginal exudates but not urethral exudates.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Most cases of trichomoniasis occur in developing countries where healthcare access is easy and facilities are abundant.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Entamoeba histolytica can be differentiated from other nonpathogenic amebae based on isoenzymatic or immunologic analysis.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Molecular methods are not useful in distinguishing between E.histolytica and E.dispar.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Blood examination for E.histolytica typically shows severe anemia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Serological tests like ELISA, IHA, and IFA are not used in the diagnosis of amoebiasis.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Trophozoites of Entamoeba dispar have a large glycogen vacuole that stains darkly with iodine.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Naegleria fowleri primarily forms cysts in human tissue.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Infection with Naegleria fowleri can be acquired through inhalation of dust containing infective forms.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis caused by Naegleria fowleri leads to disturbances in vision and hearing.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The disease caused by Naegleria fowleri usually results in death within 48 hours of the onset of symptoms.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Paromomycin and iodoquinol are the drugs of choice for treating symptomatic E.histolytica infections.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Each cyst of Giardia lamblia gives rise to three trophozoites in the duodenum.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Trichomonas vaginalis lacks mitochondria and uses the Hydrogenosome for metabolism.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Entamoeba histolytica cysts can remain viable in a humid environment and stay infective for several weeks.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Leishmania parasites primarily invade the human body through ingestion of cysts in contaminated water or food.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ingestion of mature quadrinucleate cysts of E.histolytica may lead to extraintestinal amoebiasis.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flies and cockroaches can serve as vectors for the transmission of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Symptoms of trichomoniasis in males are usually asymptomatic.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Each mature cyst of Entamoeba histolytica gives rise to eight small metacystic trophozoites during excystation.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The nucleus of an Entamoeba histolytica cyst divides into four daughter nuclei during excystation.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chilomastix mesnili is considered pathogenic and often causes severe gastrointestinal symptoms.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Extraintestinal amoebiasis occurs in about 5-10% of individuals with intestinal amoebiasis.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites can survive outside the human body.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

E.histolytica and E.dispar represent two separate species, morphologically indistinguishable unless observed with ingested white blood cells.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Trichomoniasis can lead to an increased risk of aggressive prostate cancers if there is prolonged infection within the prostate.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica can survive and multiply outside the human body.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ectoparasites are parasites that live within the body of the host.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Entamoeba coli is morphologically similar to Entamoeba histolytica due to its large size.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

All protozoan and helminthic parasites of man are considered endoparasites.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Entamoeba hartmanni is morphologically distinct from Entamoeba histolytica due to its lack of a nucleus.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Extraintestinal amoebiasis can involve the liver leading to amoebic hepatitis and liver abscess.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

N. fowleri can be easily cultured by placing CSF on nutrient agar spread with a lawn of bacteria.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Leishmaniasis can be primarily prevented by avoiding contact with sandfly vectors.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Giardia lamblia trophozoites have mitochondria for energy production.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Amphotericin B is considered an ineffective drug for treating PAM.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Humans can act as biological vectors for transmitting infections to other living creatures.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The main mode of transmission for Leishmania spp. causing Leishmaniasis is through ingestion of cysts in contaminated water or food.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chronic infections caused by trichomoniasis can be effectively treated without antimicrobial treatment.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ingestion of mature quadrinucleate cysts of E.histolytica may lead to extraintestinal amoebiasis.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Extraintestinal amoebiasis occurs in about 50-60% of individuals with intestinal amoebiasis.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Amphotericin B is an effective drug for treating Naegleria fowleri infections.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following parasite types with their characteristics:

<p>Microparasite = Small, unicellular, multiplies within vertebrate host Macroparasite = Large, multicellular, no direct reproduction within vertebrate host Ectoparasite = Live on the surface of the body Endoparasite = Live within the body of the host</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following parasite locations with their descriptions:

<p>Ectoparasites = Which live on the surface of the body Endoparasites = Which live within the body of the host</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following parasite categories with their examples:

<p>Macroparasite = Includes helminths Microparasite = Includes protozoa</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their meanings:

<p>Infestation = Infection by ectoparasites Infection = Invasion by endoparasites</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following parasite types with their reproduction methods:

<p>Microparasite = Multiplies within its vertebrate host, often inside cells Macroparasite = Does not have direct reproduction within its vertebrate host</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following parasite classifications with their exclusions:

<p>Parasite (strict definition) = Excludes viruses, bacteria, and fungi Parasite (broad definition) = Includes any infectious agent</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of host with its description:

<p>Definitive host = Harbors the adult parasite, where the parasite replicates sexually Intermediate host = Host which alternates with the definitive host and harbors the larval or asexual stages of a parasite Paratenic host = Host in which larval stage of a parasite survives but does not develop further Reservoir host = Can harbor a pathogen indefinitely with no ill effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of relationship with its description:

<p>Symbiosis = An association in which both host and parasite are so dependent upon each other that one cannot live without the help of the other Commensalism = An association in which only parasite may benefit without detectable damage to the host Parasitism = One partner (the parasite) harms or lives on the expense of the other Zoonosis = A disease communicable from animals to humans under natural conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the phylum of protozoa with its description:

<p>Sarcomastigophora = Contains amoeba and flagellates Apicomplexa = Contains Sporozoa Ciliophora = Contains Ciliates Microspora =</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of protozoa with its classification:

<p>Sarcodina (Amoebae) = Amoeboid organisms using pseudopodia for both locomotion and feeding Mastigophora = Entamoeba histolytica = Entamoeba coli =</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the genus with its definition:

<p>Species = Designates a population capable of continued reproduction but usually cannot interbreed with individuals of other species Genus = A group of closely related species Binomial nomenclature = Entamoeba histolytica =</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their correct descriptions:

<p>Trophozoites = 10-60 µm size, unidirectional motility, single pseudopodium Cysts = Passed in faeces, remain viable in a humid environment Metacyst = Liberated after lysis of cyst wall by trypsin in the small intestine Amoebic dysentery = Large number of trophozoites excreted with blood and mucus in stool</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following statements with the correct pathogenicity factors for Entamoeba histolytica:

<p>Virulence of strain = A factor determining pathogenicity Resistance of the host = Dependent on innate immunity State of nutrition of the host = A factor that influences susceptibility to infection Bacterial flora = Can enhance invasiveness through metabolic processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following symptoms with the correct parasitic infection:

<p>Fever, chills, bloody diarrhea = Symptoms of amoebic dysentery Mild abdominal discomfort or no symptoms = Some individuals infected with Entamoeba histolytica Aggressive brain cancers = Risk associated with prolonged infection by Trichomonas vaginalis Disturbances in vision and hearing = Symptoms of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis caused by Naegleria fowleri</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following forms with their correct descriptions in the life cycle of Entamoeba histolytica:

<p>Excystation = Process where each nucleus divides by binary fission giving rise to eight nuclei Encystation = Process where chromatin materials are concentrated into bars in the cytoplasm of the cyst Metacystic trophozoites = Carried into the caecum in the faecal stream after excystation Hexanucleate cysts = Mature cysts containing four nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their correct extraintestinal manifestations in Entamoeba histolytica infection:

<p>Hepatic amoebiasis = Infection involving multiplication of trophozoites in the liver leading to abscesses Amoebomas = Pseudotumoral lesions associated with necrosis, inflammation, and oedema General circulation involvement = Abscesses growing in various directions affecting lungs, brain, spleen, skin, etc. Pathogenicity factors = Factors influencing severity include virulence, host resistance, nutrition, co-infections, and intestinal irritation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following diagnostic method with the correct description:

<p>Wet mount and permanently stained preparations = Microscopic identification of cysts and trophozoites in stool samples Blood examination = Shows moderate leukocytosis Serological tests = In later stages of invasive amoebiasis, antibodies appear Histology = Trophozoites can be identified in aspirates or biopsy samples obtained during colonoscopy or surgery</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following treatment with the correct type of infection:

<p>Paromomycin or iodoquinol = Asymptomatic infections Metronidazole or tinidazole = Immediately followed by treatment with paromomycin or iodoquinol Failure of metronidazole therapy = May be an indication for surgical intervention</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the nonpathogenic amoeba with its distinguishing feature:

<p>Entamoeba dispar = Smaller in size compared to E.histolytica Entamoeba hartmanni = Distinguished by having an eccentric endosome and mature cysts with 8 nuclei Entamoeba coli = Contains a large glycogen vacuole that stains darkly with iodine Iodamoeba butschlii = Chromatoidal bodies have splintered ends, rather than rounded as in E.histolytica</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the opportunistic amoeba with its characteristic:

<p>Naegleria fowleri = Does not form a cyst in human tissue, only exists in the amoeboid trophozoite stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the life cycle stage of Naegleria fowleri with its behavior:

<p>Amoeboid form = Invasive stage of the parasite Flagellate form = Could enter the nose but reverts to amoeboid form for invasion Cysts = Do not form in human tissue, only exist in amoeboid stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following parasites with their primary habitat:

<p>Giardia lamblia = Duodenum and upper part of jejunum Chilomastix mesnili = Human cecum and/or colon Trichomonas vaginalis = Human urogenital tract Entamoeba histolytica = Large intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following diagnostic methods with the parasites they are used for:

<p>General Stool Examination (GSE) = Giardia lamblia ELISA = Giardia lamblia Entero test (string test) = Chilomastix mesnili Biopsy = Trichomonas vaginalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following treatments with the parasites they are effective against:

<p>Metronidazole = Giardia lamblia Tinidazole = Trichomonas vaginalis Furazolidone = Chilomastix mesnili Antibiotic causing nausea = Giardia lamblia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following characteristics with the correct parasite:

<p>Binary fission for multiplication = Giardia lamblia Jerky motility = Trichomonas vaginalis Lacks a cystic stage = Trichomonas vaginalis Resistant cyst stage in life cycle responsible for transmission = Chilomastix mesnili</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following symptoms with the correct parasite infection:

<p>Severe diarrhea of steatorrhea type, epigastric pain, flatulence = Giardia lamblia Important venereal disease, transmitted through vaginal intercourse = Trichomonas vaginalis Often occurs with other parasite infections, non-pathogenic (commensal) = Chilomastix mesnili Inflammation and shortening of villi in small intestine, nutrient blockage = Giardia lamblia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their correct definitions:

<p>Vector = An organism that transmits infection from one host to another Reservoir host = A host that allows the pathogen to live and multiply Mechanical vector = A vector that assists in transferring parasitic forms between hosts but is not essential in the life cycle of the parasite Biological vector = A vector in whose body the pathogenic organism develops and multiplies before being transmitted to the next host, essential in the life cycle of the parasite</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following protozoan terms with their characteristics:

<p>Giardia lamblia trophozoite = Has two nuclei, four pairs of flagella, and lacks mitochondria Giardia lamblia cyst = Smaller than trophozoites, carbohydrate-rich cell wall, and two to four nuclei Entamoeba histolytica trophozoite = Can survive outside the human body Entamoeba coli trophozoite = Morphologically similar to E.histolytica due to its large size</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms related to parasites with their descriptions:

<p>Amoebic dysentery = Caused by E.histolytica and can lead to pseudotumoral lesions Trichomoniasis = Can lead to an increased risk of aggressive prostate cancers with prolonged infection Naegleria fowleri infection = Primarily acquired through ingestion of contaminated water Leishmaniasis transmission = Direct reproduction within the vertebrate host</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their correct roles in infectious diseases:

<p>Amphotericin B = Antinaeglerial agent with evidence of clinical effectiveness Antibacterial antibiotics and antiamoebic drugs = Ineffective for N. fowleri infections Metronidazole = Drug of choice for asymptomatic E.histolytica infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following features of protozoan parasites with their correct description:

<p>Giardia lamblia life cycle stages = Consists of trophozoite and cyst stages Giardia lamblia transmission stage = Cysts excreted in feces, can survive for weeks in the environment Giardia lamblia cyst structure = Has a carbohydrate-rich cell wall, protects from the environment, and contains two to four nuclei Giardia lamblia mode of infection = Ingestion of cysts in faecally contaminated water or food</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following symptoms with the correct gender affected by trichomoniasis:

<p>Vaginal discharge, irritation, dysuria, low abdominal discomfort = Females Usually asymptomatic, acting as carriers of infection = Males Can cause dysuria and increase risk of aggressive prostate cancers = Males May not appear for up to six months = Females</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following species with their respective location of infection in human beings:

<p>T.tenax = Oral cavity Pentatrichomonas hominis = Intestinal tract T.vaginalis = Vaginal tract Naegleria fowleri = Human tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following diagnostic methods with the correct parasites:

<p>Microscopic examination for diagnosis = T.vaginalis Culture isolation from urethral and vaginal exudates = T.vaginalis PCR testing not used for diagnosis = Entamoeba histolytica Diagnosis not solely based on classic symptoms = T.vaginalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

<p>Primary usage of adhesion proteins, cysteine proteases, and lipophosphoglycan (LPG) = Pathogenesis and evasion of host immunity Role of time, temperature, and pH in adhesion of T.vaginalis = Critical step in pathogenesis Timeframe for symptoms to appear after exposure to T.vaginalis = Four days to one month Role of nitroimidazole antibiotics in treatment of trichomoniasis = Cure</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their correct descriptions related to laboratory diagnosis:

<p>Most traditional method for diagnosing trichomoniasis = Microscopic examination Isolation from urethral and vaginal exudates on commercially available media = Culture T.vaginalis Difficulty in diagnosing solely based on symptoms due to similarity with other STDs = Diagnosis of T.vaginalis Challenges in developing countries for accessing healthcare and treatment availability = Occurrence of trichomoniasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following statements with the correct parasites or infections:

<p>Cyst transmission through contaminated water or food = Giardia lamblia Protozoan parasite causing chronic infections without antimicrobial treatment = Trichomoniasis Infection primarily in developing countries with limited healthcare access = Trichomoniasis Transmission through ingestion of cysts in contaminated water or food = Leishmania parasites</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Leishmaniasis

  • The main mode of transmission for Leishmania spp. is through the bites of infected sandflies.
  • Old World leishmaniasis is transmitted by the Phlebotomus sandfly, while New World leishmaniasis is transmitted by the Lutzomyia sandfly.
  • The life cycle of Leishmania spp. typically occurs in two hosts: the vertebrate host (human or animal) and the invertebrate host (sandfly).
  • In the alimentary canal of the sandfly, promastigotes transform into metacyclic promastigotes.

Forms of Leishmaniasis

  • Cutaneous leishmaniasis is caused by L. mexicana and L. braziliensis, and is characterized by skin lesions.
  • Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, also known as espundia, is caused by L. braziliensis and is characterized by widespread skin lesions resembling leprosy.
  • Visceral leishmaniasis, also known as kala-azar, is caused by L. donovani and is the most severe form.

Diagnosis and Prevention

  • The Leishmanin test is negative in active cases of kala-azar.
  • Diagnosis of Post-Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis (PKDL) can be established through clinical and parasitological examinations.
  • Leishmaniasis can be partly prevented by controlling the sandfly population and using protective measures such as bed nets.

Leishmania Parasites

  • Leishmania parasites primarily invade the human body through the bite of an infected sandfly.
  • Untreated Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis can lead to widespread skin lesions and disfigurement.
  • The primary mode of spread of Leishmania from one host to another is through the bite of an infected sandfly.

Other Parasites

  • Trichomonas vaginalis is a protozoan parasite that causes trichomoniasis, a sexually transmitted infection.
  • Giardia lamblia is an intestinal parasite that causes giardiasis, a diarrheal disease.
  • Naegleria fowleri is a free-living amoeba that causes primary amoebic meningoencephalitis, a rare but deadly infection.
  • Entamoeba histolytica is a protozoan parasite that causes amoebiasis, a diarrheal disease.

General Parasitology

  • Microparasites are small, single-celled organisms that reproduce within their vertebrate host.
  • Ectoparasites are parasites that live on the outside of their host, such as ticks and fleas.
  • Obligate parasites are dependent on their host for survival, while facultative parasites can live freely outside their host.
  • Accidental parasites infect unusual hosts, while aberrant parasites attack hosts where they cannot live or develop further.

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