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Questions and Answers
Leishmania spp. is transmitted by certain types of mosquitoes.
Leishmania spp. is transmitted by certain types of mosquitoes.
False (B)
Old world leishmaniasis is caused by L.mexicana.
Old world leishmaniasis is caused by L.mexicana.
False (B)
The life cycle of Leishmania is completed in one host only.
The life cycle of Leishmania is completed in one host only.
False (B)
Promastigotes reproduce sexually in the sandfly's alimentary canal.
Promastigotes reproduce sexually in the sandfly's alimentary canal.
The term 'New World' refers to Europe and Asia.
The term 'New World' refers to Europe and Asia.
Humans can act as natural reservoir hosts for Leishmania.
Humans can act as natural reservoir hosts for Leishmania.
Leishmanin test is positive in active cases of kala-azar.
Leishmanin test is positive in active cases of kala-azar.
Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis primarily causes damage to the feet.
Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis primarily causes damage to the feet.
Leishmania parasites replicate extracellularly within the human body.
Leishmania parasites replicate extracellularly within the human body.
Vaccination for leishmaniasis mainly induces humoral immune response.
Vaccination for leishmaniasis mainly induces humoral immune response.
PKDL diagnosis involves the demonstration of amastigote forms of L.donovani by a microscope.
PKDL diagnosis involves the demonstration of amastigote forms of L.donovani by a microscope.
Prevention of leishmaniasis includes treating people with the disease early to prevent further spread.
Prevention of leishmaniasis includes treating people with the disease early to prevent further spread.
Leishmaniasis is a bacterial infection.
Leishmaniasis is a bacterial infection.
Cutaneous leishmaniasis causes an open sore at the bite site that heals in a few weeks.
Cutaneous leishmaniasis causes an open sore at the bite site that heals in a few weeks.
Leishmaniasis is mainly a parasitic disease transmitted by sandflies.
Leishmaniasis is mainly a parasitic disease transmitted by sandflies.
Visceral leishmaniasis predominantly affects the liver, spleen, bone marrow, and lymph nodes.
Visceral leishmaniasis predominantly affects the liver, spleen, bone marrow, and lymph nodes.
PKDL is a condition caused by the reversal of L.infantum from viscerotropic to dermatotropic.
PKDL is a condition caused by the reversal of L.infantum from viscerotropic to dermatotropic.
A skin scraping with microscopic analysis using Wright or Giemsa stain is used for the diagnosis of leishmaniasis.
A skin scraping with microscopic analysis using Wright or Giemsa stain is used for the diagnosis of leishmaniasis.
Leishmanin skin test is used for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis.
Leishmanin skin test is used for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis.
Leishmania donovani causes visceral leishmaniasis.
Leishmania donovani causes visceral leishmaniasis.
Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis produces skin lesions that resemble chickenpox.
Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis produces skin lesions that resemble chickenpox.
Old world leishmaniasis is the most common form of leishmaniasis.
Old world leishmaniasis is the most common form of leishmaniasis.
Which sandfly genus transmits Old World leishmaniasis?
Which sandfly genus transmits Old World leishmaniasis?
What is the shape of the amastigote stage of Leishmania?
What is the shape of the amastigote stage of Leishmania?
What is the term used for the Americas in relation to leishmaniasis?
What is the term used for the Americas in relation to leishmaniasis?
In which hosts is the life cycle of Leishmania completed?
In which hosts is the life cycle of Leishmania completed?
After reaching the sandfly's stomach, amastigotes transform into which stage of Leishmania?
After reaching the sandfly's stomach, amastigotes transform into which stage of Leishmania?
Which type of reservoir hosts are involved in the transmission of Leishmania?
Which type of reservoir hosts are involved in the transmission of Leishmania?
Why is the Leishmanin test negative in active cases of kala-azar?
Why is the Leishmanin test negative in active cases of kala-azar?
What is the primary cause of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (espundia) in New World leishmaniasis?
What is the primary cause of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (espundia) in New World leishmaniasis?
How do Leishmania parasites replicate within the human body?
How do Leishmania parasites replicate within the human body?
What are some possible treatments for cutaneous leishmaniasis?
What are some possible treatments for cutaneous leishmaniasis?
Which prevention method can help reduce the incidence of leishmaniasis?
Which prevention method can help reduce the incidence of leishmaniasis?
Why does vaccination against leishmania pose a challenge?
Why does vaccination against leishmania pose a challenge?
What is the incubation period for cutaneous leishmaniasis?
What is the incubation period for cutaneous leishmaniasis?
What is the most typical symptom of visceral leishmaniasis?
What is the most typical symptom of visceral leishmaniasis?
Which organism predominantly causes cutaneous leishmaniasis?
Which organism predominantly causes cutaneous leishmaniasis?
What is the habitat of Leishmania donovani and L.infantum in the human body?
What is the habitat of Leishmania donovani and L.infantum in the human body?
Which test is used for diagnosing visceral leishmaniasis through a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction?
Which test is used for diagnosing visceral leishmaniasis through a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction?
What is the primary method for isolating the organism causing cutaneous leishmaniasis from a lesion?
What is the primary method for isolating the organism causing cutaneous leishmaniasis from a lesion?
What is the primary cause of death in visceral leishmaniasis?
What is the primary cause of death in visceral leishmaniasis?
'Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis' manifests as what type of skin lesions?
'Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis' manifests as what type of skin lesions?
'Black fever' is another name for which form of leishmaniasis?
'Black fever' is another name for which form of leishmaniasis?
Which age group is most commonly affected by visceral leishmaniasis?
Which age group is most commonly affected by visceral leishmaniasis?
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Study Notes
Leishmania Overview
- Leishmania spp. is a genus of parasitic protozoa transmitted primarily by certain types of sandflies, not mosquitoes.
- Old World leishmaniasis is notably caused by L. mexicana, prevalent in Africa, Asia, and southern Europe.
- The life cycle of Leishmania is completed within a single host, typically involving humans or other mammals.
Transmission and Reservoirs
- Humans can serve as natural reservoir hosts, facilitating Leishmania transmission through sandfly bites.
- Amastigotes transform into promastigotes upon reaching the sandfly's alimentary canal and reproduce there.
Types of Leishmaniasis
- 'New World' leishmaniasis refers specifically to cases found in the Americas, distinct from 'Old World' cases.
- Visceral leishmaniasis primarily affects internal organs such as the liver, spleen, bone marrow, and lymph nodes, frequently known as 'black fever'.
- Cutaneous leishmaniasis results in an open sore at the bite site that typically heals within a few weeks, with diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis causing lesions resembling chickenpox.
Diagnosis and Testing
- The Leishmanin skin test is used for diagnosing visceral leishmaniasis through a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction.
- Diagnosis of post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) involves identifying amastigote forms of L. donovani via microscopy.
- Microscopic analysis using Wright or Giemsa stains is the primary method for isolating the organism causing cutaneous leishmaniasis from a lesion.
Immunology and Vaccination
- Vaccination efforts focus on inducing a humoral immune response, although challenges exist due to complex parasite biology.
- A positive Leishmanin test indicates active cases of kala-azar, but may be negative during acute stages.
Symptoms and Incubation
- Primary symptoms of visceral leishmaniasis include severe fever and weight loss, often leading to significant morbidity and mortality if untreated.
- The typical incubation period for cutaneous leishmaniasis ranges from weeks to months.
Prevention and Treatment
- Early treatment of infected individuals is crucial for preventing further spread.
- Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (espundia) is primarily caused by L. braziliensis in the New World.
- Possible treatments for cutaneous leishmaniasis include topical therapies and systemic medications, depending on severity.
Epidemiology
- Visceral leishmaniasis most commonly affects children and those with compromised immune systems.
- PKDL most often occurs as a complication following treatment for visceral leishmaniasis, leading to dermatological manifestations.
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