Blood and Leukocytes Overview

Study Notes

Plasma is the liquid portion, containing red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes).

Leukopenia: Characterized by an unusually low white blood cell count; leads to prolonged illness.
Leukocytosis: Indicated by an abnormally high white blood cell count; suggests a significant underlying issue.
Types of WBCs:
- Neutrophils: The most prevalent type of white blood cell.
- Eosinophils: Typically involved in allergic responses.
- Basophils: Function as natural blood thinners.

Act as filters, trapping viruses and allowing white blood cells to effectively eliminate them.

Phlebitis: Inflammation of a vein characterized by smoothness and visible striations.
Thrombophlebitis: Inflammation caused by a thrombus, resulting in chunkier coagulation and localized blood pooling.

Essential for stopping bleeding; visible bruising occurs as blood coagulates, forming a star-like pattern.

Three types of tonsils can be observed when the mouth is open:
- Palatine (top): Only visible through the mouth.
- Pharyngeal (sides).

Blood types determined by antigens and antibodies:
- Type A: A antigen present, with B antibody in plasma.
- Type B: B antigen present, with A antibody in plasma.
- Type AB: Both A and B antigens present, no antibodies in plasma, making AB the universal recipient.
- Type O: No antigens, but has both A and B antibodies in plasma, making O the universal donor.
Administration of incompatible blood types (e.g., A type given to A individuals) can trigger the production of anti-A and anti-B antibodies, leading to blood clots.

Defined by a low or abnormal red blood cell count, resulting in fatigue, weakness, fainting, and headaches.
Symptoms include tachycardia and tachypnea due to insufficient RBCs.

Pernicious Anemia: Caused by a deficiency in Vitamin B12; treated with B12 injections.
Folate Deficiency Anemia: Results from a deficit in Vitamin B9; treated with B9 supplements.
Common reasons include alcoholism, pregnancies, and malnutrition.
Iron Deficiency Anemia: Occurs due to inadequate iron levels; oral iron supplements can be prescribed, but gastrointestinal side effects may occur. Dietary changes might be necessary for better intake.