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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is TRUE regarding the constituents of blood?
Which of the following is TRUE regarding the constituents of blood?
- Blood volume in adults is about 4 L.
- Blood volume in adults is about 5 L.
- Blood volume in adults is about 6 L. (correct)
- Blood volume in adults is about 7 L.
Which component of the blood system is responsible for the critical colloid oncotic pressure?
Which component of the blood system is responsible for the critical colloid oncotic pressure?
Albumin
Which of the following is TRUE regarding erythrocytes?
Which of the following is TRUE regarding erythrocytes?
- Erythrocytes are responsible for blood clotting.
- Erythrocytes are responsible for tissue oxygenation. (correct)
- Erythrocytes are responsible for tissue carbon dioxide removal.
- Erythrocytes are primarily involved in immune response.
Which of the following is NOT a granulocyte?
Which of the following is NOT a granulocyte?
What are the predominant cells of early inflammation in response to a urinary tract infection?
What are the predominant cells of early inflammation in response to a urinary tract infection?
Which cells have a horseshoe-shaped nucleus and no granules present?
Which cells have a horseshoe-shaped nucleus and no granules present?
Which of the following is TRUE regarding platelets?
Which of the following is TRUE regarding platelets?
Which lymphoid organs cluster around lymphatic veins and collect interstitial fluid from tissues?
Which lymphoid organs cluster around lymphatic veins and collect interstitial fluid from tissues?
Which of the following is NOT one of the four processes of platelet activation?
Which of the following is NOT one of the four processes of platelet activation?
What is responsible for the lysis or the breakdown of blood clots?
What is responsible for the lysis or the breakdown of blood clots?
Plasma is _____
Plasma is _____
Which is not a plasma component?
Which is not a plasma component?
What is the most abundant protein in blood plasma?
What is the most abundant protein in blood plasma?
A fragment of megakaryocytic cytoplasm is the _____
A fragment of megakaryocytic cytoplasm is the _____
Mast cell mediators are available to _____
Mast cell mediators are available to _____
Identify the differentiation pathway in the development of erythrocytes
Identify the differentiation pathway in the development of erythrocytes
A differential count of WBC's includes everything except _____
A differential count of WBC's includes everything except _____
The main regulator of platelet circulating mass is _____
The main regulator of platelet circulating mass is _____
The normal platelet count/mm3 of blood is about _____
The normal platelet count/mm3 of blood is about _____
The hematocrit is the _____
The hematocrit is the _____
If the total leukocytic count of an individual was 7000/mm3, about how many neutrophils would normally be present in a mm3 of blood?
If the total leukocytic count of an individual was 7000/mm3, about how many neutrophils would normally be present in a mm3 of blood?
Which granulocyte functions in antibody-mediated defense against parasites?
Which granulocyte functions in antibody-mediated defense against parasites?
About how many times more RBC's than WBC's are there in a mm3 of blood?
About how many times more RBC's than WBC's are there in a mm3 of blood?
Which is an agranulocyte?
Which is an agranulocyte?
Which are the most effective phagocytes?
Which are the most effective phagocytes?
Erythropoiesis requires vitamins:
Erythropoiesis requires vitamins:
Nitric oxide and prostacyclin _____
Nitric oxide and prostacyclin _____
Which test reflects bone marrow activity?
Which test reflects bone marrow activity?
As an individual ages, _____
As an individual ages, _____
IL-3 stimulates _____
IL-3 stimulates _____
G-CSF stimulates _____
G-CSF stimulates _____
Immunoglobulins (antibodies) _____
Immunoglobulins (antibodies) _____
Immunoglobulins are synthesized by _____
Immunoglobulins are synthesized by _____
Clotting factors _____
Clotting factors _____
Clotting factors are produced in the _____
Clotting factors are produced in the _____
Lipoproteins are _____
Lipoproteins are _____
Cellular components of the blood: _____
Cellular components of the blood: _____
Erythrocytes/RBC's occupy _____
Erythrocytes/RBC's occupy _____
Hemoglobin/Hb constitutes approximately _____
Hemoglobin/Hb constitutes approximately _____
Hb functions to _____
Hb functions to _____
Leukocytes/WBC's _____
Leukocytes/WBC's _____
Average amount of WBCs per mm3 of blood:
Average amount of WBCs per mm3 of blood:
Neutrophils are classified as _____
Neutrophils are classified as _____
Neutrophils occupy approximately _____
Neutrophils occupy approximately _____
Neutrophils are the _____
Neutrophils are the _____
Eosinophils are classified as _____
Eosinophils are classified as _____
Eosinophils occupy approximately _____
Eosinophils occupy approximately _____
Eosinophils target _____
Eosinophils target _____
Eosinophils participate in _____
Eosinophils participate in _____
Basophils are classified as _____
Basophils are classified as _____
Basophils occupy approximately _____
Basophils occupy approximately _____
Basophils have a role in _____
Basophils have a role in _____
Monocytes are classified as _____
Monocytes are classified as _____
Monocytes are _____
Monocytes are _____
Once monocytes enter the tissues, _____
Once monocytes enter the tissues, _____
Lymphocytes are classified as _____
Lymphocytes are classified as _____
Lymphocytes occupy approximately _____
Lymphocytes occupy approximately _____
B and T Lymphocytes are the primary cells of the _____
B and T Lymphocytes are the primary cells of the _____
Platelets/thrombocytes are _____
Platelets/thrombocytes are _____
Platelets are derived from _____
Platelets are derived from _____
Platelets make up approximately _____
Platelets make up approximately _____
Platelets' main role is _____
Platelets' main role is _____
Platelets aggregate to form a _____
Platelets aggregate to form a _____
Platelets form _____
Platelets form _____
Lymphoid organs are _____
Lymphoid organs are _____
Primary lymphoid organs include:
Primary lymphoid organs include:
Secondary lymphoid organs include:
Secondary lymphoid organs include:
What is the largest mass of lymphatic tissue consisting of red/white pulp?
What is the largest mass of lymphatic tissue consisting of red/white pulp?
What is red pulp?
What is red pulp?
What is white pulp?
What is white pulp?
The spleen phagocytizes _____
The spleen phagocytizes _____
The spleen produces _____
The spleen produces _____
The spleen stores _____
The spleen stores _____
What are lymph nodes?
What are lymph nodes?
What are lymphatics?
What are lymphatics?
The Mononuclear Phagocyte System (MPS) consists of _____
The Mononuclear Phagocyte System (MPS) consists of _____
Colony-stimulating factor is _____
Colony-stimulating factor is _____
Erythropoietin is _____
Erythropoietin is _____
RBC's (in fetuses) are produced in the _____
RBC's (in fetuses) are produced in the _____
RBC's (after birth) are produced in the _____
RBC's (after birth) are produced in the _____
Bone marrow (myeloid tissue) _____
Bone marrow (myeloid tissue) _____
Bone marrow consists of:
Bone marrow consists of:
Erythrocytes are _____
Erythrocytes are _____
Hemoglobin is composed of _____
Hemoglobin is composed of _____
RBC development requires:
RBC development requires:
WBC's arise from _____
WBC's arise from _____
Granulopoietin _____
Granulopoietin _____
Platelets develop from _____
Platelets develop from _____
Thrombopoietin is _____
Thrombopoietin is _____
A blood clot consists of _____
A blood clot consists of _____
Bone marrow aspiration is _____
Bone marrow aspiration is _____
Bone marrow biopsy is _____
Bone marrow biopsy is _____
Study Notes
Blood Constituents
- Blood volume in adults averages around 6 liters.
- Plasma comprises about 90% water and 10% dissolved solutes.
- Platelets are small, nucleated discs forming part of the hemostatic mechanism.
Blood Cell Types
- Erythrocytes (RBCs) are primarily responsible for tissue oxygenation, occupying 42-48% of blood volume.
- Leukocytes (WBCs) function in immune defense, with an average count of 10,000/mm³ of blood.
- Platelets count ranges from 150,000 to 400,000/mm³.
- Major types of WBCs include neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, eosinophils, and basophils.
Platelets and Coagulation
- Platelets are derived from megakaryocytes and play a crucial role in hemostasis by aggregating to form a hemostatic plug.
- The fibrinolytic system is responsible for the breakup of blood clots.
- Thrombopoietin is the key regulator of circulating platelet mass.
Erythropoiesis and Hemoglobin
- Erythropoiesis involves the differentiation pathway from pluripotent stem cells to erythrocytes.
- Vitamin B12, folate, and iron are essential in RBC development.
- Hemoglobin constitutes approximately 33% of RBC volume and is responsible for gas transport.
Immune Response and Cells
- Neutrophils are the primary phagocytes in early inflammatory responses, making up about 55% of the WBC count.
- Eosinophils target larger organisms such as parasites and are involved in hypersensitivity reactions.
- Lymphocytes, accounting for around 36% of WBCs, include B and T cells critical for humoral and cellular immunity.
Lymphoid Organs
- Primary lymphoid organs include the bone marrow and thymus, while secondary organs include the spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, and Peyer's patches.
- The spleen acts as a blood reservoir and is responsible for phagocytizing bacteria and aged RBCs, while also producing lymphocytes.
Mononuclear Phagocyte System (MPS)
- The MPS consists of bone marrow precursors and includes monocytes and macrophages, essential for immune surveillance and debris clearance.
Hematocrit and White Blood Cell Differentials
- Hematocrit refers to the percentage of RBCs in a volume of blood, indicative of blood health.
- A differential WBC count helps determine the presence and types of leukocytes but does not include reticulocytes.
Laboratory Tests
- Reticulocyte count reflects bone marrow activity, indicating RBC production efficiency.
- Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy are critical procedures for assessing hematological disorders, abnormalities, or diseases.
Additional Factors
- Nitric oxide and prostacyclin inhibit platelet adhesion and aggregation, preventing unnecessary clotting.
- Immunoglobulins (antibodies) synthesized by B lymphocytes help defend against pathogens.
Aging and Hematopoiesis
- Lymphocytic function gradually declines with age, affecting immune responses over time.
- G-CSF and IL-3 play roles in stimulating the production of various blood cells, including neutrophils and stem cells.
Clotting and Healing
- Clotting factors, produced in the liver, are essential for stopping bleeding from damaged vessels, forming fibrin nets that stabilize platelet plugs.
Development Pathways
- Erythrocytes develop from erythroblasts through a process involving multiple steps, regulated by various cytokines and nutrient availability.
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Description
Explore the various constituents of blood, including plasma, blood cell types, and their functions. Dive deeper into the roles of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets in the circulatory system. Understand the processes involved in coagulation and the regulation of blood components.
