Questions and Answers
Which of the following is TRUE regarding the constituents of blood?
Which component of the blood system is responsible for the critical colloid oncotic pressure?
Albumin
Which of the following is TRUE regarding erythrocytes?
Which of the following is NOT a granulocyte?
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What are the predominant cells of early inflammation in response to a urinary tract infection?
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Which cells have a horseshoe-shaped nucleus and no granules present?
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Which of the following is TRUE regarding platelets?
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Which lymphoid organs cluster around lymphatic veins and collect interstitial fluid from tissues?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the four processes of platelet activation?
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What is responsible for the lysis or the breakdown of blood clots?
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Plasma is _____
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Which is not a plasma component?
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What is the most abundant protein in blood plasma?
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A fragment of megakaryocytic cytoplasm is the _____
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Mast cell mediators are available to _____
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Identify the differentiation pathway in the development of erythrocytes
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A differential count of WBC's includes everything except _____
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The main regulator of platelet circulating mass is _____
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The normal platelet count/mm3 of blood is about _____
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The hematocrit is the _____
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If the total leukocytic count of an individual was 7000/mm3, about how many neutrophils would normally be present in a mm3 of blood?
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Which granulocyte functions in antibody-mediated defense against parasites?
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About how many times more RBC's than WBC's are there in a mm3 of blood?
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Which is an agranulocyte?
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Which are the most effective phagocytes?
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Erythropoiesis requires vitamins:
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Nitric oxide and prostacyclin _____
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Which test reflects bone marrow activity?
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As an individual ages, _____
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IL-3 stimulates _____
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G-CSF stimulates _____
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Immunoglobulins (antibodies) _____
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Immunoglobulins are synthesized by _____
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Clotting factors _____
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Clotting factors are produced in the _____
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Lipoproteins are _____
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Cellular components of the blood: _____
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Erythrocytes/RBC's occupy _____
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Hemoglobin/Hb constitutes approximately _____
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Hb functions to _____
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Leukocytes/WBC's _____
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Average amount of WBCs per mm3 of blood:
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Neutrophils are classified as _____
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Neutrophils occupy approximately _____
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Neutrophils are the _____
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Eosinophils are classified as _____
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Eosinophils occupy approximately _____
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Eosinophils target _____
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Eosinophils participate in _____
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Basophils are classified as _____
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Basophils occupy approximately _____
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Basophils have a role in _____
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Monocytes are classified as _____
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Monocytes are _____
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Once monocytes enter the tissues, _____
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Lymphocytes are classified as _____
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Lymphocytes occupy approximately _____
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B and T Lymphocytes are the primary cells of the _____
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Platelets/thrombocytes are _____
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Platelets are derived from _____
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Platelets make up approximately _____
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Platelets' main role is _____
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Platelets aggregate to form a _____
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Platelets form _____
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Lymphoid organs are _____
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Primary lymphoid organs include:
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Secondary lymphoid organs include:
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What is the largest mass of lymphatic tissue consisting of red/white pulp?
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What is red pulp?
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What is white pulp?
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The spleen phagocytizes _____
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The spleen produces _____
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The spleen stores _____
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What are lymph nodes?
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What are lymphatics?
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The Mononuclear Phagocyte System (MPS) consists of _____
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Colony-stimulating factor is _____
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Erythropoietin is _____
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RBC's (in fetuses) are produced in the _____
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RBC's (after birth) are produced in the _____
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Bone marrow (myeloid tissue) _____
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Bone marrow consists of:
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Erythrocytes are _____
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Hemoglobin is composed of _____
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RBC development requires:
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WBC's arise from _____
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Granulopoietin _____
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Platelets develop from _____
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Thrombopoietin is _____
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A blood clot consists of _____
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Bone marrow aspiration is _____
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Bone marrow biopsy is _____
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Study Notes
Blood Constituents
- Blood volume in adults averages around 6 liters.
- Plasma comprises about 90% water and 10% dissolved solutes.
- Platelets are small, nucleated discs forming part of the hemostatic mechanism.
Blood Cell Types
- Erythrocytes (RBCs) are primarily responsible for tissue oxygenation, occupying 42-48% of blood volume.
- Leukocytes (WBCs) function in immune defense, with an average count of 10,000/mm³ of blood.
- Platelets count ranges from 150,000 to 400,000/mm³.
- Major types of WBCs include neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, eosinophils, and basophils.
Platelets and Coagulation
- Platelets are derived from megakaryocytes and play a crucial role in hemostasis by aggregating to form a hemostatic plug.
- The fibrinolytic system is responsible for the breakup of blood clots.
- Thrombopoietin is the key regulator of circulating platelet mass.
Erythropoiesis and Hemoglobin
- Erythropoiesis involves the differentiation pathway from pluripotent stem cells to erythrocytes.
- Vitamin B12, folate, and iron are essential in RBC development.
- Hemoglobin constitutes approximately 33% of RBC volume and is responsible for gas transport.
Immune Response and Cells
- Neutrophils are the primary phagocytes in early inflammatory responses, making up about 55% of the WBC count.
- Eosinophils target larger organisms such as parasites and are involved in hypersensitivity reactions.
- Lymphocytes, accounting for around 36% of WBCs, include B and T cells critical for humoral and cellular immunity.
Lymphoid Organs
- Primary lymphoid organs include the bone marrow and thymus, while secondary organs include the spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, and Peyer's patches.
- The spleen acts as a blood reservoir and is responsible for phagocytizing bacteria and aged RBCs, while also producing lymphocytes.
Mononuclear Phagocyte System (MPS)
- The MPS consists of bone marrow precursors and includes monocytes and macrophages, essential for immune surveillance and debris clearance.
Hematocrit and White Blood Cell Differentials
- Hematocrit refers to the percentage of RBCs in a volume of blood, indicative of blood health.
- A differential WBC count helps determine the presence and types of leukocytes but does not include reticulocytes.
Laboratory Tests
- Reticulocyte count reflects bone marrow activity, indicating RBC production efficiency.
- Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy are critical procedures for assessing hematological disorders, abnormalities, or diseases.
Additional Factors
- Nitric oxide and prostacyclin inhibit platelet adhesion and aggregation, preventing unnecessary clotting.
- Immunoglobulins (antibodies) synthesized by B lymphocytes help defend against pathogens.
Aging and Hematopoiesis
- Lymphocytic function gradually declines with age, affecting immune responses over time.
- G-CSF and IL-3 play roles in stimulating the production of various blood cells, including neutrophils and stem cells.
Clotting and Healing
- Clotting factors, produced in the liver, are essential for stopping bleeding from damaged vessels, forming fibrin nets that stabilize platelet plugs.
Development Pathways
- Erythrocytes develop from erythroblasts through a process involving multiple steps, regulated by various cytokines and nutrient availability.
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Description
Explore the various constituents of blood, including plasma, blood cell types, and their functions. Dive deeper into the roles of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets in the circulatory system. Understand the processes involved in coagulation and the regulation of blood components.