Blood Components and Functions
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the constituents of blood?

  • Blood volume in adults is about 4 L.
  • Blood volume in adults is about 5 L.
  • Blood volume in adults is about 6 L. (correct)
  • Blood volume in adults is about 7 L.

    • Which component of the blood system is responsible for the critical colloid oncotic pressure?

    Albumin

    Which of the following is TRUE regarding erythrocytes?

  • Erythrocytes are responsible for blood clotting.
  • Erythrocytes are responsible for tissue oxygenation. (correct)
  • Erythrocytes are responsible for tissue carbon dioxide removal.
  • Erythrocytes are primarily involved in immune response.

    • Which of the following is NOT a granulocyte?

    <p>Monocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the predominant cells of early inflammation in response to a urinary tract infection?

    <p>Neutrophil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells have a horseshoe-shaped nucleus and no granules present?

    <p>Monocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is TRUE regarding platelets?

    <p>They are disk-shaped cytoplasmic fragments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lymphoid organs cluster around lymphatic veins and collect interstitial fluid from tissues?

    <p>Lymph nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the four processes of platelet activation?

    <p>Inhibition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for the lysis or the breakdown of blood clots?

    <p>Fibrinolytic system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Plasma is _____

    <p>90% water and 10% dissolved solutes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is not a plasma component?

    <p>Platelets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most abundant protein in blood plasma?

    <p>Albumins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A fragment of megakaryocytic cytoplasm is the _____

    <p>platelet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mast cell mediators are available to _____

    <p>vascular endothelial cells, nerves, and immune cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the differentiation pathway in the development of erythrocytes

    <p>Uncommitted pluripotential stem cell - normoblast - reticulocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A differential count of WBC's includes everything except _____

    <p>reticulocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main regulator of platelet circulating mass is _____

    <p>thrombopoietin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The normal platelet count/mm3 of blood is about _____

    <p>140-340 x 10^3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hematocrit is the _____

    <p>percentage of RBC's in a given volume of blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the total leukocytic count of an individual was 7000/mm3, about how many neutrophils would normally be present in a mm3 of blood?

    <p>4200</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which granulocyte functions in antibody-mediated defense against parasites?

    <p>Eosinophil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    About how many times more RBC's than WBC's are there in a mm3 of blood?

    <p>1,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is an agranulocyte?

    <p>Lymphocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which are the most effective phagocytes?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Erythropoiesis requires vitamins:

    <p>C, E, B2, and B12.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nitric oxide and prostacyclin _____

    <p>inhibit platelet adhesion and aggregation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test reflects bone marrow activity?

    <p>Reticulocyte count.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    As an individual ages, _____

    <p>lymphocytic function decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    IL-3 stimulates _____

    <p>pluripotent stem cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    G-CSF stimulates _____

    <p>macrophage, fibroblast, neutrophil.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Immunoglobulins (antibodies) _____

    <p>defend against microorganisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Immunoglobulins are synthesized by _____

    <p>B lymphocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Clotting factors _____

    <p>stop bleeding from damaged blood vessels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Clotting factors are produced in the _____

    <p>liver.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lipoproteins are _____

    <p>carrier molecules that transport lipids through the blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cellular components of the blood: _____

    <p>RBC's, WBC's, PMN's, MPS's, Platelets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Erythrocytes/RBC's occupy _____

    <p>42-48% of blood volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hemoglobin/Hb constitutes approximately _____

    <p>33% of the RBC volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hb functions to _____

    <p>carry blood gases and gives color to the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Leukocytes/WBC's _____

    <p>remove debris and defend the body against organisms that cause infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Average amount of WBCs per mm3 of blood:

    <p>10,000 WBCs/mm3 of blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neutrophils are classified as _____

    <p>granulocytes, phagocytic, and have segmented nuclei.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neutrophils occupy approximately _____

    <p>55% of WBC count.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neutrophils are the _____

    <p>chief phagocytes of early inflammation that migrate to the site of the infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eosinophils are classified as _____

    <p>granulocytes, phagocytic, and have segmented nuclei.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eosinophils occupy approximately _____

    <p>1-4% of WBC count.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eosinophils target _____

    <p>larger invading organisms (worms).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eosinophils participate in _____

    <p>hypersensitivity reactions and help control inflammatory processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Basophils are classified as _____

    <p>granulocytes, phagocytic, and have segmented nuclei.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Basophils occupy approximately _____

    <p>1% of WBC count.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Basophils have a role in _____

    <p>stimulating inflammatory response by releasing histamines and anticoagulants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Monocytes are classified as _____

    <p>agranulocytes and macrophages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Monocytes are _____

    <p>immature macrophages and circulate the bloodstream.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Once monocytes enter the tissues, _____

    <p>they become 5Xs larger and develop into mature macrophages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lymphocytes are classified as _____

    <p>agranulocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lymphocytes occupy approximately _____

    <p>36% of WBC count.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    B and T Lymphocytes are the primary cells of the _____

    <p>humoral and cellular immune response and are located and matured in the lymphoid tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Platelets/thrombocytes are _____

    <p>small non-nucleated discs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Platelets are derived from _____

    <p>megakaryocytes and released into the blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Platelets make up approximately _____

    <p>150,000-400,000 platelets/mm3 of blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Platelets' main role is _____

    <p>concerned with hemostasis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Platelets aggregate to form a _____

    <p>hemostatic plug and activate and augment the coagulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Platelets form _____

    <p>fibrin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lymphoid organs are _____

    <p>aggregations of lymphoid tissue that are classified as primary or secondary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Primary lymphoid organs include:

    <p>Thymus and bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Secondary lymphoid organs include:

    <p>Spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, and Peyer's patches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the largest mass of lymphatic tissue consisting of red/white pulp?

    <p>Spleen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is red pulp?

    <p>venous sinus filled with blood and cords of splenic tissue (Billroth's cords).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is white pulp?

    <p>clusters of lymphocytes surround the arteries of the spleen at intervals (Malpighian bodies).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The spleen phagocytizes _____

    <p>bacteria and worn-out RBC's and platelets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The spleen produces _____

    <p>lymphocytes and plasma cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The spleen stores _____

    <p>and releases blood in case of demand.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are lymph nodes?

    <p>bean-shaped structures located along the length of the lymphatics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are lymphatics?

    <p>vein-like vessels that collect interstitial fluid from the tissues and put it back into the circulatory system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Mononuclear Phagocyte System (MPS) consists of _____

    <p>bone marrow precursors, the monocytes in the peripheral blood, and macrophages in tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Colony-stimulating factor is _____

    <p>secreted by monocytes and macrophages, stimulate growth of colonies of these cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Erythropoietin is _____

    <p>glycoprotein that controls RBC production, produced in the kidney.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    RBC's (in fetuses) are produced in the _____

    <p>liver and spleen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    RBC's (after birth) are produced in the _____

    <p>bone marrow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bone marrow (myeloid tissue) _____

    <p>is confined to the cavities of the bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bone marrow consists of:

    <p>blood vessels, nerves, mononuclear phagocytes, stem cells, blood cells in various stages of differentiation, yellow marrow (fatty tissue).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Erythrocytes are _____

    <p>derived from erythroblasts or normoblasts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hemoglobin is composed of _____

    <p>two pairs of polypeptide chains and four heme complexes (iron).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    RBC development requires:

    <p>vitamin B12, folate, and iron.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    WBC's arise from _____

    <p>stem cells in the bone marrow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Granulopoietin _____

    <p>stimulates granulopoiesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Platelets develop from _____

    <p>megakaryocytes by endomitosis (replication without cytoplasmic division), expanding platelets break up into fragments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Thrombopoietin is _____

    <p>a platelet-stimulating factor which causes megakaryocyte development, endomitosis, and platelet release to speed up.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A blood clot consists of _____

    <p>a meshwork of protein strands (fibrin) that stabilizes the platelet plug and traps other cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bone marrow aspiration is _____

    <p>marrow is withdrawn by using a hollow needle; tests include: cell iron stores and presence of abnormal cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bone marrow biopsy is _____

    <p>a slice of marrow is removed; tests include: tumors, fibrotic infiltration, and reduced population of cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Blood Constituents

    • Blood volume in adults averages around 6 liters.
    • Plasma comprises about 90% water and 10% dissolved solutes.
    • Platelets are small, nucleated discs forming part of the hemostatic mechanism.

    Blood Cell Types

    • Erythrocytes (RBCs) are primarily responsible for tissue oxygenation, occupying 42-48% of blood volume.
    • Leukocytes (WBCs) function in immune defense, with an average count of 10,000/mm³ of blood.
    • Platelets count ranges from 150,000 to 400,000/mm³.
    • Major types of WBCs include neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, eosinophils, and basophils.

    Platelets and Coagulation

    • Platelets are derived from megakaryocytes and play a crucial role in hemostasis by aggregating to form a hemostatic plug.
    • The fibrinolytic system is responsible for the breakup of blood clots.
    • Thrombopoietin is the key regulator of circulating platelet mass.

    Erythropoiesis and Hemoglobin

    • Erythropoiesis involves the differentiation pathway from pluripotent stem cells to erythrocytes.
    • Vitamin B12, folate, and iron are essential in RBC development.
    • Hemoglobin constitutes approximately 33% of RBC volume and is responsible for gas transport.

    Immune Response and Cells

    • Neutrophils are the primary phagocytes in early inflammatory responses, making up about 55% of the WBC count.
    • Eosinophils target larger organisms such as parasites and are involved in hypersensitivity reactions.
    • Lymphocytes, accounting for around 36% of WBCs, include B and T cells critical for humoral and cellular immunity.

    Lymphoid Organs

    • Primary lymphoid organs include the bone marrow and thymus, while secondary organs include the spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, and Peyer's patches.
    • The spleen acts as a blood reservoir and is responsible for phagocytizing bacteria and aged RBCs, while also producing lymphocytes.

    Mononuclear Phagocyte System (MPS)

    • The MPS consists of bone marrow precursors and includes monocytes and macrophages, essential for immune surveillance and debris clearance.

    Hematocrit and White Blood Cell Differentials

    • Hematocrit refers to the percentage of RBCs in a volume of blood, indicative of blood health.
    • A differential WBC count helps determine the presence and types of leukocytes but does not include reticulocytes.

    Laboratory Tests

    • Reticulocyte count reflects bone marrow activity, indicating RBC production efficiency.
    • Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy are critical procedures for assessing hematological disorders, abnormalities, or diseases.

    Additional Factors

    • Nitric oxide and prostacyclin inhibit platelet adhesion and aggregation, preventing unnecessary clotting.
    • Immunoglobulins (antibodies) synthesized by B lymphocytes help defend against pathogens.

    Aging and Hematopoiesis

    • Lymphocytic function gradually declines with age, affecting immune responses over time.
    • G-CSF and IL-3 play roles in stimulating the production of various blood cells, including neutrophils and stem cells.

    Clotting and Healing

    • Clotting factors, produced in the liver, are essential for stopping bleeding from damaged vessels, forming fibrin nets that stabilize platelet plugs.

    Development Pathways

    • Erythrocytes develop from erythroblasts through a process involving multiple steps, regulated by various cytokines and nutrient availability.

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    Description

    Explore the various constituents of blood, including plasma, blood cell types, and their functions. Dive deeper into the roles of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets in the circulatory system. Understand the processes involved in coagulation and the regulation of blood components.

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