Blood and Leukocytes Chapter Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the main consequence of sickle cells blocking capillaries?

Improved organ function

Restricted O2 delivery to tissues (correct)

Increased oxygen delivery to tissues

Enhanced blood flow through capillaries

Which of the following characterizes granulocytes?

They have a long lifespan of several months.

They are primarily involved in the production of antibodies.

They contain numerous mitochondria for energy.

They possess polymorphic nuclei with multiple lobes. (correct)

How do granulocytes primarily obtain their energy?

From lipid metabolism

Through oxidative phosphorylation

By using aerobic respiration

Via glycolysis (correct)

What differentiates agranulocytes from granulocytes?

Agranulocytes have azurophilic granules only. Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary functions of platelets in the bloodstream?

Promote blood clotting and repair vascular leaks Signup and view all the answers

What happens to granulocytes after they die in connective tissue?

Their debris is removed by macrophages. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of specific granules found in granulocytes?

To participate in immune response with specialized staining. Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is involved in maintaining the shape of a platelet?

Peripheral marginal bundle of microtubules and microfilaments Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells do platelets originate from?

Megakaryocytes Signup and view all the answers

What type of white blood cells leave circulation to become functional in tissues?

Leukocytes Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the lifespan of granulocytes?

They are terminally differentiated with a lifespan of a few days. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the dense tubular system within platelets?

Store Ca2+ ions for rapid exocytosis Signup and view all the answers

What components are contained within the electron-dense delta granules of platelets?

ADP, ATP, and serotonin Signup and view all the answers

How long do circulating platelets typically survive in the bloodstream?

10 days Signup and view all the answers

In terms of structure, what two systems of membrane channels exist within platelets?

Open canalicular system and dense tubular system Signup and view all the answers

What is the appearance of individual platelets in blood smears?

Discoid with a hyalomere and granulomere Signup and view all the answers

What is eosinophilia primarily associated with?

Allergic reactions and helminthic infections Signup and view all the answers

What effect do corticosteroids have on eosinophils?

Decrease their release into the bloodstream Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components is NOT found in basophilic granules?

Thrombin Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of eosinophils in allergic reactions?

Inactivating leukotrienes and histamine Signup and view all the answers

How are basophils and mast cells similar in their functions?

Both secrete mediators in response to antigens and allergens Signup and view all the answers

What is the structural characteristic of basophils that makes them difficult to identify in blood smears?

Their nucleus is obscured by large specific granules Signup and view all the answers

Which substances are contained in the granules of basophils, contributing to inflammation?

Heparin and phospholipase A Signup and view all the answers

Which term best describes the color of the granules found in basophils when stained?

Purple Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of plasmin in clot removal?

Plasmin dissolves the clot through enzymatic action. Signup and view all the answers

How do non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents affect blood coagulation?

They inhibit platelet function by blocking prostaglandin synthesis. Signup and view all the answers

What defect is associated with the rare autosomal recessive glycoprotein Ib deficiency?

Inability to bind subendothelial collagen. Signup and view all the answers

What does the local action of plasminogen activators involve?

Conversion of plasminogen into plasmin. Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the consequences of a defect in platelet function?

Bleeding disorders due to slow blood clotting. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of monocytes in the immune system?

To serve as precursor cells for the mononuclear phagocyte system Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of chronic inflammation is highlighted in the context of monocyte recruitment?

Continuous presence of macrophages Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the size and appearance of circulating monocytes?

They have diameters of 12 to 15 μm and a large, indented nucleus Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of excessive tissue damage in chronic inflammation?

Continuous recruitment of monocytes and macrophages Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular structure is involved in the formation of lysosomes within monocytes?

Golgi apparatus Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of monocytes being antigen-presenting cells?

They present antigens to T-lymphocytes to elicit an immune response Signup and view all the answers

What color is typically observed in stained smears of monocytes due to their cytoplasmic composition?

Bluish-gray Signup and view all the answers

What defines lymphomas in relation to lymphocytes?

They involve neoplastic proliferation or failure of lymphocytes to undergo apoptosis Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Sickle Cell Disease

Sickle cells can obstruct capillaries, hindering oxygen delivery to tissues.
Results in ischemia or anoxia, potentially causing organ damage.

Leukocytes

Leukocytes, or white blood cells, migrate from blood to tissues to become functional.
Classification based on cytoplasmic granules: granulocytes (with granules) and agranulocytes (without specific granules).
Spherical in bloodstream but become amoeboid and move upon leaving blood vessels.

Granulocytes

Two types of granules:
- Lysosomes (azurophilic granules).
- Specific granules that react with various stains.
Polymorphic nuclei with multiple lobes; include neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils.
Short lifespan of a few days and most die by apoptosis after tissue response.

Agranulocytes

Lack specific granules but have azurophilic granules.
Nuclei are spherical or indented, not lobulated.
Include lymphocytes and monocytes.

Eosinophils

Increased eosinophils (eosinophilia) linked to allergies and parasitic infections.
Found in connective tissue beneath epithelia such as bronchi and gastrointestinal tract.
Produce substances to counteract inflammation.
Corticosteroids reduce blood eosinophils by hindering their release from bone marrow.

Basophils

Diameter of 12-15 μm, representing less than 1% of blood leukocytes.
Irregularly lobed nucleus often obscured by granules.
Granules contain heparin, histamine, and inflammation mediators.
Basophils migrate to connective tissues and share functions with mast cells; both release mediators in response to antigens.

Lymphomas

Lymphomas involve neoplastic proliferation of lymphocytes or impaired apoptosis.
Despite sometimes slow growth, all types are classified as malignant and can spread easily.

Monocytes

Precursor cells for the mononuclear phagocyte system, crucial for immune defense.
Circulating diameter of 12 to 15 μm; larger when differentiated into macrophages.
Distinctly indented nucleus and basophilic cytoplasm with azurophilic granules.

Inflammation and Macrophages

Monocytes extravasate during early inflammation post-tissue injury.
Acute inflammation is typically transient, while chronic inflammation involves persistent macrophage presence leading to tissue damage.

Platelets

Platelets are non-nucleated fragments (2-4 μm) derived from megakaryocytes in bone marrow.
Key roles in blood clotting and vessel repair; lifespan of approximately 10 days.
Appear in clumps; discoid shape with a staining peripheral zone (hyalomere) and a darker central zone (granulomere).

Platelet Structure

Peripheral microtubules and microfilaments contribute to maintaining shape.
Two membrane channel systems facilitate rapid protein exocytosis during clotting: open canalicular system and dense tubular system.
Central granulomere contains electron-dense granules with ADP, ATP, and serotonin.

Clot Removal

Clots dissolve through proteolytic enzymes (plasmin) when tissue restoration occurs.

Medical Applications

Aspirin and NSAIDs inhibit platelet function and coagulation by blocking necessary local prostaglandin synthesis.
Bleeding disorders can result from slow coagulation, linked to genetic defects like glycoprotein Ib deficiency, critical for clot formation initiation.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the functions of blood components, particularly focusing on sickle cells and leukocytes. This quiz will cover their roles in oxygen delivery and immune response, as well as related conditions that affect their functionality.