Bistability in Glycolysis Pathway

Glycolysis can exist in multiple stable states (high or low flux) due to complex regulatory loops.

The rate at which glucose is broken down in glycolysis.

A state of glycolysis where glucose is broken down at a high rate.

A state of glycolysis where glucose is broken down at a low rate.

A key enzyme in glycolysis, whose activity is regulated to control flux.

Another key enzyme in glycolysis, its activity is modulated to control flux.

Regulation of enzyme activity by a molecule binding to a site other than the active site.

A molecule that activates PFK, thus affecting glycolysis flux.

A molecule that activates PFK, affecting glycolysis flux.

Different forms of an enzyme, with similar functions, but with slight structural differences.

The phenomenon where cancer cells prioritize glycolysis even with oxygen present.

Bifunctional enzyme that controls the level of F26BP, influencing PFK activity.

The ratio of kinase to phosphatase activities of PFKFB.

Glycolysis can exist in multiple stable states (high or low flux) due to regulatory loops.

Glucose is broken down at a high rate in glycolysis.

Glucose is broken down at a low rate in glycolysis.

The presence or absence of regulatory loops (Loop 1 and Loop 2) determines if glycolysis is at a high or low flux state in physiological conditions.

Glucose concentration influences the switch between high and low flux states in glycolysis, depending on the presence of regulatory loops.

[NAD]/[NADH] ratio has a marginal effect on glycolysis flux at low values and a big effect on flux at higher values.

The ratio of mitochondrial pyruvate and lactate concentration affects the glycolytic flux.

The ratio of kinase to phosphatase activities in PFKFB, controlling Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate (F26BP).

Ratio of mitochondrial pyruvate to alanine concentrations influences glycolytic flux.

A mathematical model using differential equations to simulate glucose metabolism from uptake to glycolysis, lactate production, and mitochondrial pyruvate transport.

An algebraic model derived from ODE, focusing on the stable states of glycolysis reaction intermediates.

The molecules or compounds that are formed in the various stages of glycolysis.

Quantifiable values describing enzymatic reaction rates in glycolysis, including Vmax (maximum reaction rate).

Determining the rate at which cells absorb glucose from the surrounding medium.

Determining the rate at which cells produce lactate from glucose.

A simulation of the F6P node, a key step in the glycolysis pathway, focused on the different K/P ratios, using a numerical solver.

The constant rate of glucose breakdown in glycolysis under stable conditions.

Simulation experiments focusing on only one type of PFK (Phosphofructokinase) enzyme.

A mathematical model describing enzyme-catalyzed reactions where the reaction rate increases with the substrate concentration until it reaches a maximum.

A ratio used in the simulation of glycolysis to study the relative influence of kinase and phosphatase activities on the rate of the reactions.

A mathematical method to determine the stability of a steady-state solution in a system, particularly important for reaction models.

A numerical solver in Matlab used to find solutions to systems of nonlinear equations, essential for obtaining steady-state solutions in the simulation.

Varying glucose levels affect the steady-state flux in the glycolysis system.

The existence of multiple stable states in a system, where the concentration has multiple possible values.

The constant rate at which a reaction or pathway proceeds under stable conditions.

Cancer cells prioritize glycolysis even with oxygen present.

Bifunctional enzyme controlling fructose-2,6-bisphosphate (F26BP).

Molecule that activates PFK, affecting glycolysis flux.

Rate of glucose breakdown in glycolysis.

Glucose broken down quickly in glycolysis.

Glucose broken down slowly in glycolysis.

Different forms of an enzyme with similar functions but slight structural differences.

Ratio of kinase to phosphatase activities in PFKFB.

Akt/PKB, a protein kinase, can prevent early stages of programmed cell death (apoptosis).

An enzyme in the mitochondria that's crucial for glycolysis and apoptosis prevention.

A specific form of pyruvate kinase, important for cancer cell metabolism and growth.

Phosphorylation of PKM2, a crucial step promoting the Warburg effect (cancer cell's preference for glucose metabolism).

Glucagon, a hormone, triggers the process of phosphorylating pyruvate kinase in liver cells.

The Rb-E2F protein system can exist in two stable states, impacting cell cycle regulation.

HIF-1α, a protein, influences cancer cell energy use by triggering specific glycolytic isoform expression.

An enzyme that has a dual function--it's crucial for regulating glucose breakdown, and thus controlling cellular energy provision (glycolysis).

PFK activity in glycolysis is controlled by regulatory molecules to adjust metabolic flux.

A key regulator that activates PFK, affecting glycolytic flux.

Lactate can downregulate glycolytic enzymes, influencing the rate of glucose breakdown.

A bifunctional enzyme controlling the level of F26BP by converting between kinase and phosphatase.

The relative activity of the kinase and phosphatase parts of PFKFB, influencing F26BP levels.

The ratio of mitochondrial pyruvate to lactate affects the rate of glycolysis.

Glucose breakdown at a high rate in glycolysis.

Glucose breakdown at a low rate in glycolysis.

Glycolysis can exist in multiple stable states (high or low flux) due to complex regulatory loops.