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Questions and Answers
What is the prevalence of bipolar disorder?
What is the prevalence of bipolar disorder?
What is the typical gender ratio for bipolar disorder?
What is the typical gender ratio for bipolar disorder?
What is a symptom of mania according to the DSM 5?
What is a symptom of mania according to the DSM 5?
What is a behavioral symptom of mania?
What is a behavioral symptom of mania?
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What is a required criterion for a manic episode?
What is a required criterion for a manic episode?
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What is a specifier for bipolar disorder in DSM 5?
What is a specifier for bipolar disorder in DSM 5?
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What is a potential effect of decreased melatonin levels?
What is a potential effect of decreased melatonin levels?
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What is a common cause of insomnia?
What is a common cause of insomnia?
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What is a characteristic of chronic insomnia?
What is a characteristic of chronic insomnia?
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What is a category of sleep disorders?
What is a category of sleep disorders?
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What can affect melatonin secretion?
What can affect melatonin secretion?
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What percentage of the population is affected by insomnia?
What percentage of the population is affected by insomnia?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of borderline personality disorder?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of borderline personality disorder?
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What is a characteristic of histrionic personality disorder?
What is a characteristic of histrionic personality disorder?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of narcissistic personality disorder?
Which of the following is a characteristic of narcissistic personality disorder?
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What is a characteristic of avoidant personality disorder?
What is a characteristic of avoidant personality disorder?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of dependent personality disorder?
Which of the following is a characteristic of dependent personality disorder?
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What is a characteristic of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder?
What is a characteristic of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder?
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Which of the following personality disorders is characterized by a sense of self-importance?
Which of the following personality disorders is characterized by a sense of self-importance?
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What is a characteristic of borderline personality disorder?
What is a characteristic of borderline personality disorder?
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Which of the following personality disorders is characterized by social inhibition and feelings of inadequacy?
Which of the following personality disorders is characterized by social inhibition and feelings of inadequacy?
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What is a characteristic of dependent personality disorder?
What is a characteristic of dependent personality disorder?
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What is a risk factor for developing a personality disorder?
What is a risk factor for developing a personality disorder?
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What type of psychotherapy helps individuals recognize their responsibility in the turmoil of their lives?
What type of psychotherapy helps individuals recognize their responsibility in the turmoil of their lives?
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What is the primary function of the REM stage of sleep?
What is the primary function of the REM stage of sleep?
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What is the name of the process that builds up during wakefulness and decreases during sleep?
What is the name of the process that builds up during wakefulness and decreases during sleep?
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What is the deepest stage of Non-REM sleep?
What is the deepest stage of Non-REM sleep?
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What is the main function of the alpha stage of sleep?
What is the main function of the alpha stage of sleep?
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What is the primary function of the non-REM stage of sleep?
What is the primary function of the non-REM stage of sleep?
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What is the name of the nucleus that controls the circadian clock?
What is the name of the nucleus that controls the circadian clock?
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What is the approximate duration of a sleep cycle?
What is the approximate duration of a sleep cycle?
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How many cycles of sleep do we typically experience per night?
How many cycles of sleep do we typically experience per night?
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What is a potential treatment option for sleep apnoea?
What is a potential treatment option for sleep apnoea?
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What is a characteristic of narcolepsy?
What is a characteristic of narcolepsy?
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What is a possible cause of restless legs syndrome?
What is a possible cause of restless legs syndrome?
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What is a type of circadian rhythm disorder?
What is a type of circadian rhythm disorder?
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What is a treatment option for underlying organic causes of sleep disorders?
What is a treatment option for underlying organic causes of sleep disorders?
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What is a symptom of sleep apnoea?
What is a symptom of sleep apnoea?
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What is a type of therapy used to treat sleep disorders?
What is a type of therapy used to treat sleep disorders?
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What is a common association with sleep apnoea?
What is a common association with sleep apnoea?
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Study Notes
Bipolar and Related Disorders
- Bipolar I Disorder: characterized by mania and depression
- Bipolar II Disorder: characterized by hypomania and depression
- Cyclothymic Disorder: characterized by hypomania and mild depression
- Other specified and unspecified bipolar and related disorders
Manic Episode
- Prevalence of bipolar disorder: 1% in the general population, with a 1:1 ratio of women to men
- Symptoms of mania:
- Affective: elevated or irritable mood
- Cognitive: inflated self-esteem, distractibility, and flight of ideas
- Behavioral: unusual talkativeness, rapid speech, increased activity level, and excessive involvement in activities with a high potential for painful consequences
- Physiological: less than usual amount of sleep needed
- Symptoms must be distressing and interfere with normal functioning, and not caused by other mental or somatic illnesses or substance abuse
Personality Disorders
- Histrionic Personality Disorder: characterized by excessive but shallow emotions and attention seeking
- Wants to be the center of attention
- Inappropriate sexually seductive or provocative behavior
- Rapidly shifting and shallow expression of emotions
- Uses physical appearance to draw attention to self
- Speech is dramatic and exaggerated with emotion
- Is easily influenced by others or circumstances
- Narcissistic Personality Disorder: characterized by an attitude that the world exists to meet their needs, lack of empathy
- Sense of self-importance
- Preoccupied with fantasies of unlimited success, power, beauty, or ideal love
- Believes they are "special"
- Requires excessive admiration
- Has a sense of entitlement
- Takes advantage of others to achieve their own ends
- Lacks empathy
- Often envious of others or believes that others are envious of them
- Arrogant, haughty behavior or attitude
- Avoidant Personality Disorder: characterized by a pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative situations
- Avoids occupational and social activities that involve interpersonal contact
- Unwilling to get involved with people unless certain of being liked
- Shows restraint within intimate relationships because of fear of being ridiculed
- Inhibited in new interpersonal situations
- Views self as socially inept, personally unappealing, or inferior
- Reluctant to take personal risks or engage in new activities
- Dependent Personality Disorder: characterized by an excessive need to be taken care of, leading to submissive and clinging behavior and fears of separation
- Difficulty making decisions without advice and reassurance
- Needs others to assume responsibility for most major areas of life
- Difficulty expressing disagreement with others
- Difficulty initiating projects or doing things on their own
- Goes to excessive lengths to obtain nurturance and support
- Feels uncomfortable or helpless when alone
- Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder: characterized by a preoccupation with orderliness and perfectionism
- Preoccupied with details, rules, lists, order, organization, or schedules
- Shows perfectionism that interferes with task completion
- Excessively devoted to work to the exclusion of leisure activities and friendships
- Reluctant to delegate tasks
- Overly conscientious, scrupulous, and inflexible about matters of morality, ethics, or values
- Unable to discard worn-out or worthless objects
- Adopts a miserly spending style
- Rigid and stubborn
Risk Factors and Treatment Options
- Risk factors for bipolar disorder:
- History of childhood verbal, physical, or sexual abuse
- Family history of schizophrenia
- Family history of personality disorders
- Childhood head injury
- Unstable family life
- Treatment options for bipolar disorder:
- Combination of psychotherapy and medication
- Psychotherapy options:
- Psychodynamic psychotherapy: helps recognize how they are responsible for the turmoil in their lives and learn healthier ways of reacting
- Cognitive-behavioral therapy: involves actively retraining the way they think about problems, which improves emotions and behaviors
- Medication options: antidepressants, anticonvulsants, antipsychotics, etc.
Sleeping Disorders
Basics
- Sleep is a particular state of consciousness:
- Very active biological process
- Consists of processes with widely differing functions and mechanisms
- Has restorative effects on all aspects of functioning
- Is essential to life
- 5 stages of sleeping:
- Alpha stage: feelings of being relaxed and drowsy
- Non-REM 1: transition from wakefulness to sleep, easy to wake
- Non-REM 2: first stage of real sleep, muscle tension, heart rate, and body temperature decrease
- Non-REM 3 & 4: stage 4 is the deepest sleep, heart rate, respiration, temperature, and blood flow decrease, growth hormone is released, physical growth and brain development, hard to wake
- REM stage: brain activity similar to when awake, main dreaming stage, physiological responses increase, but movement is paralyzed
- Functions of sleep stages:
- Non-REM: development, reconstruction, energy production, immune regulation, memory consolidation
- REM: memory consolidation, psychological wellbeing, emotional learning, motivation, coping with stress, mood regulation
Two-Factor Model of Sleep Regulation
- Process S (homeostatic): controlled by the hypothalamus, pressure builds up during wakefulness
- Process C (circadian clock): controlled by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), internal clock system, operates even without environmental cues
Sleeping Disorders
- Dyssomnias: true sleep disorders
- Insomnia: inability to fall or remain asleep, waking up early, and sleep that is non-restorative
- Sleep apnoea: stopping breathing for 10 seconds or longer during sleep, may repeatedly wake up and be tired the next day
- Narcolepsy: sleepiness during the day, "sleep attacks", brief periods of REM, and occasional cataplexy
- Restless legs syndrome: discomfort in limbs causing restless movement, at rest and when in bed
- Circadian rhythm disorders: jet lag, shift work, delayed/advanced sleep phase syndrome
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Description
Quiz on bipolar and related disorders, including symptoms, diagnosis, and classification according to the DSM 5. Topics covered include bipolar I, II, and cyclothymic disorder, as well as substance-induced and medical condition-related disorders.
