Biotechnology Principles and Processes

A gene vector commonly used in genetic engineering to transfer genes into plants.

The process of introducing foreign DNA into a host cell.

Enzymes that cut DNA at specific recognition sites, leaving sticky ends.

A circular piece of DNA found in bacteria, often used as a vector in genetic engineering.

An enzyme that joins two DNA fragments together, creating a recombinant DNA molecule.

A technique used to separate DNA fragments based on size, using an electric current through a gel matrix.

A technique used to amplify DNA fragments, producing millions of copies.

An organism whose genome has been altered by the introduction of foreign DNA.

A type of bioreactor where air bubbles are introduced to increase oxygen transfer, ideal for large-scale production.

The process of using living organisms or their components to produce products or solve environmental problems.

A genetically modified crop plant that produces vitamin A in its grains, addressing vitamin A deficiency globally.

The protein produced by Bacillus thuringiensis, toxic to certain insects, used in genetically modified crops for pest resistance.

A protein produced by Bacillus thuringiensis that forms crystal-like structures toxic to various insects.

A type of gene therapy where functional genes are delivered to cells to correct genetic defects.

The process of introducing genes into a plant's genome, often using Agrobacterium tumefaciens, to create crops with desired traits.

A type of vector for cloning genes into higher organisms, commonly used for inserting genes into mammalian cells.

A molecule, often DNA or RNA, labeled with a radioactive isotope or fluorescent dye, used to identify specific DNA sequences.

A vector for cloning genes, capable of holding large DNA fragments, often used to insert large genes into bacteria.

A type of vector for cloning genes, capable of holding larger DNA fragments than plasmids, often used in gene cloning.

The process of removing and purifying a desired protein from a biological sample, a critical step in biotechnology.

A type of selectable marker, a gene that confers resistance to antibiotics, commonly used in genetic engineering to identify cells that have been successfully transformed.

A technique used to silence genes, preventing the expression of a specific protein, a powerful tool for studying gene function.

The use of bioresources (such as plants, animals, or microorganisms) by multinational companies without proper authorization from the source country.

A gene that helps select for cells that have been successfully transformed with a desired gene.

The use of a genetically engineered organism to remove pollutants from the environment.

A molecule that binds to a specific DNA sequence, used in Southern blotting to detect a specific gene.

A type of vector for cloning genes, constructed to carry large DNA fragments, used in gene cloning.

A sequence of DNA that is read the same forward and backward, often used in cloning and gene expression.

The ability of a living organism to resist disease or the harmful effects of a pathogen.

A type of vector, often a bacterial or viral DNA molecule, that carries foreign DNA into a host cell.

The process by which a protein is produced from a gene.

A technique used in gene cloning to identify specific DNA sequences, involving transferring DNA from a gel to a membrane and using a labeled probe to detect the target sequence.