Questions and Answers
What role does carbon dioxide play in fermentation?
Which microorganism-related theory did Louis Pasteur support with his experiments?
What was discovered for the first time in 1915?
In what year did Edward Jenner perform the first vaccination?
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What was the belief about fermentation in early societies?
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Which discovery marked the beginning of the science of genetics?
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Which year saw the first use of the term "biotechnology" in print?
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What effect does lactic acid have on yogurt?
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Who discovered penicillin and shared the Nobel Prize in 1945?
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In what year did Watson and Crick describe the double helical structure of DNA?
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Which of the following represents the first complete gene synthesis?
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Which scientists perfected genetic engineering techniques using restriction enzymes?
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When was the first recombinant vaccine for human use approved?
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Which project was launched in 1990 to map all the genes in the human genome?
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What type of plants underwent the first field tests in 1987?
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What significant discovery was made in 1944 regarding DNA?
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What significant biotechnology event occurred in 1996?
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Which year did Dolly, the first animal cloned from an adult cell, report birth?
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What was the primary significance of human embryonic stem cell lines established in 1998?
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What notable progress in biotechnology occurred in 2003?
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Which biotechnology milestone was achieved in 2004?
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What type of therapy was Avastin recognized as?
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What major health issue was targeted by the vaccine approved in 2006?
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What event in biotechnology marked the establishment of the first cloned pet?
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What does the Greek word 'bios' mean in the context of biotechnology?
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What are the two Greek words that combine to form the term 'technology'?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a part of biotechnology?
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In which year did humans begin to domesticate crops and livestock, marking a significant development in biotechnology?
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Which ancient civilization is credited with the first recorded use of biotechnology for fermentation processes?
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What is the earliest example of biotechnology mentioned?
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Which process do microorganisms use to convert sugars into energy?
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What is one of the key products created through biotechnology as outlined?
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Study Notes
Biotechnology Overview
- Biotechnology merges "bio" (Greek for "life") and "technology" (rooted in Greek words techne and logos meaning "art, skill, craft" and "word, thought").
- It encompasses the use of organisms and their components for specific applications, integrating modern lab methods with traditional techniques in agriculture and food.
- The discipline includes genetic modification, domestication, animal husbandry, plant cultivation, and selective breeding.
Historical Milestones in Biotechnology
- Domestication of plants and animals began over 10,000 years ago as early humans relied on certain crops for sustenance.
- 8000-4000 B.C.E: Domestication of crops and livestock; potatoes cultivated for food.
- 2000 B.C.E: Egyptians utilize yeast for bread leavening and beer fermentation; cheese production starts in Sumeria, China, and Egypt.
- 500 B.C.E: The Chinese apply moldy soybean curds as an antibiotic for treating boils.
- 100 C.E: First recorded insecticide made from powdered chrysanthemums in China.
Significant Discoveries and Innovations
- 1797: Edward Jenner develops the first vaccination for smallpox.
- 1830-1833: Discovery of proteins and the first enzyme isolation.
- 1857: Louis Pasteur links microbes to fermentation, supporting germ theory.
- 1865: Gregor Mendel establishes the basic laws of heredity through flower studies.
Advancements in Genetic Understanding
- 1915: Discovery of bacteriophages that infect only bacteria.
- 1919: Term "biotechnology" first appears in print.
- 1928: Alexander Fleming discovers penicillin, marking a breakthrough in antibiotics.
- 1944: Evidence presented that DNA carries genetic information.
- 1953: Watson and Crick describe DNA's double helical structure, earning a Nobel Prize in 1962.
Modern Biotechnological Breakthroughs
- 1971: The first complete gene synthesis achieved (gene cloning).
- 1973: Cohen and Boyer pioneer genetic engineering techniques using restriction enzymes.
- 1986: First recombinant vaccine for hepatitis B approved; first anti-cancer drug interferon produced through biotechnology.
- 1990: Launch of the Human Genome Project to map all human genes.
- 1997: Birth of Dolly, the first adult cell clone.
- 2003: SARS virus sequenced quickly after detection, highlighting rapid response capabilities in biotech.
Recent Developments
- 2004: First cloned pet, a kitten named Copy Cat.
- 2004: Avastin, a targeted biological therapy, receives FDA approval.
- 2006: Vaccine for human papillomavirus, linked to cervical cancer, approved using recombinant DNA technology.
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Description
Explore the fascinating field of biotechnology, which merges life sciences and technology for practical applications. From ancient domestication practices to modern genetic modification, this quiz covers key milestones and contributions in biotechnology throughout history.
