Biotechnology and Genetic Modification Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of expressing the Bt toxin gene in plants?

  • To provide resistance to insects (correct)
  • To increase yield of crops
  • To enhance fruit color
  • To improve nutrient content

Which type of organisms does RNA interference (RNAi) occur in?

  • Only in bacteria
  • In prokaryotic organisms only
  • In all eukaryotic organisms (correct)
  • Only in plants

What is the role of the C peptide in insulin synthesis?

  • It enhances the binding of insulin to receptors
  • It is removed during the maturation process (correct)
  • It stabilizes the insulin structure
  • It is a part of the mature insulin molecule

What challenge was faced during the recombinant DNA production of insulin?

<p>Assembling insulin into its mature form (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following insects are targeted by proteins produced by certain strains of Bacillus thuringiensis?

<p>Moths and butterflies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact has recombinant DNA technology had on the healthcare industry?

<p>Mass production of therapeutic drugs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two short polypeptide chains that make up insulin called?

<p>Chain A and Chain B (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the protein crystals formed by Bacillus thuringiensis?

<p>To act as a natural pesticide (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes modern biotechnology from traditional biotechnology?

<p>Modern biotechnology involves advanced modification of biological systems. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an application of biotechnology?

<p>Developing biopharmaceuticals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are genetically modified organisms (GMOs)?

<p>Organisms whose genes have been altered through manipulation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

One benefit of using genetically modified crops is:

<p>Improved tolerance to harsh environmental conditions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one advantage of genetic modification in agriculture?

<p>Minimizing harmful environmental impacts. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the effect of Bt toxin in biotechnology?

<p>It is produced by a bacterium to serve as a biopesticide. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term 'bioremediation' refers to:

<p>Using biological organisms to remove contaminants from the environment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about genetic modification is TRUE?

<p>It can enhance the nutritional value of certain foods. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason that a clone with a mutated gene will not appear on photographic film?

<p>The probe cannot complement the mutated gene. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What principle does ELISA primarily rely upon?

<p>Antigen-antibody interaction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is mentioned as being researched with CRISPR technology?

<p>Cystic fibrosis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of transgenic animals?

<p>They possess and express an extra gene. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary application of creating transgenic animals?

<p>To study gene regulation and disease development. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do bacterial CRISPR arrays function when faced with a viral threat?

<p>They create RNA segments to target the viral DNA. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a utility of transgenic animals?

<p>To directly cure human diseases. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does CRISPR-Cas9 play in genome editing?

<p>It allows for precise alteration of DNA sequences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of gene therapy?

<p>To correct a gene defect in diagnosed individuals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the gene therapy for ADA deficiency work?

<p>By growing lymphocytes and introducing a functional ADA cDNA. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of conventional diagnostic methods mentioned?

<p>They often miss early signs of diseases. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which molecular technique is specifically highlighted for diagnosing HIV?

<p>Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of using PCR in molecular diagnostics?

<p>It can amplify very low concentrations of nucleic acids. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of gene is delivered in the gene therapy for curing ADA deficiency?

<p>A functional ADA cDNA using a retroviral vector. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is early diagnosis important for effective treatment?

<p>It allows for timely intervention before severe symptoms develop. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the radioactive probe play in molecular diagnostics?

<p>It tags the DNA for visual detection using autoradiography. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary responsibility of the Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC)?

<p>To evaluate the environmental impact of genetically engineered organisms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who chairs the Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC)?

<p>The Special Secretary of the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following programs is specifically related to crop improvement in biotechnology?

<p>Wheat Genome Sequencing Programme (B), Rice Functional Genomics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What overarching goal does biotechnology aim to address according to the conclusion?

<p>Solving future food and water insecurity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which human disease does the transgenic model NOT currently exist for?

<p>Type 2 diabetes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the Society of Biotechnology of India (SBPI) play in modern biotechnology according to the content?

<p>It promotes transformation changes and approaches in core research. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the first transgenic animal to produce human protein-enriched milk?

<p>Transgenic cow (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary goal of the Department of Biotechnology in India?

<p>Promoting biotechnology for societal benefits (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Transgenic mice are being developed primarily for safety testing of which of the following?

<p>Vaccines (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of creating transgenic animals that are sensitive to toxic substances?

<p>To conduct quicker toxicity/safety testing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The human protein α-1-antitrypsin is used to treat which condition?

<p>Emphysema (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Ministry of Science and Technology manage in relation to biotechnology programs in India?

<p>The Department of Biotechnology (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme was introduced into transgenic cows to enhance the nutritional quality of milk for human consumption?

<p>α-lactalbumin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Biotechnology

Technology using biological systems (organisms or parts) to create products. Examples include traditional brewing and baking, using yeast to produce desired outcomes.

Genetic Engineering

Modifying an organism's genetic material (DNA). This has been a major advancement in biotechnology, especially since the 1970s.

GMOs (Genetically Modified Organisms)

Organisms (plants, bacteria, fungi, animals) with altered genes through manipulation. They are used in a wide variety of applications.

How have GMO plants been useful?

GMOs have significantly impacted agriculture. Some benefits include: increased tolerance to environmental stresses (like cold, drought), reduced reliance on pesticides, minimized post-harvest losses, improved mineral usage by plants, and enhanced food nutrition.

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Abiotic Stresses

Non-living environmental factors that can harm plants (e.g., cold, drought, salt, heat).

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Bt Toxin

A natural pesticide produced by the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). It is commonly used in genetically modified crops for pest control.

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Biopharmaceuticals

Medicines produced using biological systems (e.g., genetically modified microbes, fungi, plants, or animals).

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Applications of Biotechnology

Biotechnology finds applications in various fields, including: therapeutics (medicines), diagnostics (medical testing), agriculture (GMO crops), food processing, environmental cleanup (bioremediation), waste treatment, and energy production.

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Gene Therapy

A treatment method that uses genes to correct a genetic defect. It involves delivering a functional gene into an individual's cells or tissues to replace a non-functional one.

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ADA Deficiency

A genetic disorder caused by the absence of the ADA enzyme, crucial for a healthy immune system. It results in a weakened immune system and can lead to severe infections.

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Gene Therapy for ADA Deficiency

Treatment for ADA deficiency where lymphocytes (immune cells) are removed from the patient, modified with a functional ADA gene, and then returned to the patient.

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Molecular Diagnosis

Using techniques like PCR and ELISA to identify specific DNA sequences or proteins for early disease detection and understanding of its cause.

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PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)

A technique used to amplify specific DNA sequences, making it possible to detect very low concentrations of pathogens (like viruses and bacteria) in the body.

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ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay)

A technique to detect specific proteins in a sample, often used to identify the presence of antibodies or antigens indicating infection.

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HIV Detection using PCR

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is used to detect the presence of the HIV virus in suspected AIDS patients.

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Genetic Disorder Diagnosis using PCR

PCR is used to identify mutations in genes associated with various genetic disorders, aiding in early diagnosis and potentially personalized treatment.

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CRISPR Technology

A powerful tool for editing genomes that allows researchers to precisely modify DNA sequences and gene function.

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CRISPR-Cas9 System

A naturally occurring genome editing system in bacteria that uses DNA snippets from viruses to create CRISPR arrays, enabling the bacteria to recognize and target those viruses.

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Transgenic Animals

Animals with modified DNA that contains an extra, foreign gene.

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What is the purpose of transgenic animals in studying normal physiology and development?

Transgenic animals are specifically designed to explore how genes are regulated and how they impact the normal functions of the body and its developmental processes.

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How are transgenic animals used to study disease?

Transgenic animals can be created to model human diseases, providing valuable tools for research and development of new treatments.

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What is the significance of the mutated gene in the context of photographic film?

A mutated gene will not appear on photographic film when using a probe because the probe's sequence will not match the altered gene.

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What is ELISA's principle?

ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) is based on the interaction between antigens and antibodies.

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How can ELISA be used to detect infection?

ELISA can detect infection by recognizing either the antigens produced by the pathogen or the antibodies created by the body in response to the infection.

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GEAC

The Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC) is a governmental body in India responsible for evaluating and approving activities related to genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and their use in research and industry.

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What is GEAC's role?

GEAC reviews proposals for using GMOs in research, industry, and the environment. It ensures that these activities are safe and environmentally sound.

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SBPI's contribution

The Society of Biotechnology of India (SBPI) promotes research in biotechnology to develop new products and technologies that can benefit the economy and society.

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Biotechnology - a tool for development

Biotechnology can be a powerful tool for achieving development goals in countries around the world.

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Biotechnology - a solution for global challenges

Biotechnology can address major challenges facing the world, such as food insecurity and water scarcity.

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Transgenic Models for Diseases

Animal models genetically modified to mimic human diseases like cancer, cystic fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and Alzheimer's disease.

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Biological Products from Transgenics

Animals genetically engineered to produce valuable biological products, like human proteins, for treating diseases.

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Vaccine Safety Testing with Transgenics

Using transgenic mice to test the safety of vaccines before human use, potentially replacing the need for monkey testing.

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Toxicological Testing with Transgenics

Using transgenic animals more sensitive to toxins to speed up and improve toxicology studies.

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Department of Biotechnology in India

The government agency in India responsible for managing and promoting the biotechnology sector.

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Objectives of the Department of Biotechnology

The goals of the Department of Biotechnology include research, infrastructure development, human resource training, and promotion of industry.

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Biosafety in Biotechnology

The department ensures safe practices regarding genetically modified organisms, recombinant DNA products, and biotech-based programs.

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Bioinformatics Mission in India

The department establishes a network to promote and disseminate bioinformatics information nationwide and internationally.

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RNA interference (RNAi)

A natural cellular defense mechanism that silences specific genes by blocking the production of their protein. It uses short sequences of RNA to bind to and destroy messenger RNA (mRNA) before it can be translated into protein.

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Recombinant Insulin

Human insulin produced using genetic engineering. It is identical to natural human insulin and used to treat diabetes.

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What are the advantages of recombinant insulin?

Recombinant insulin is safer and more effective than insulin extracted from animal sources. It doesn't trigger unwanted immune responses, making it ideal for long-term use.

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How does Bt toxin work?

Bt toxin forms crystals in the bacteria. When ingested by insects, the crystals dissolve in the gut, releasing the toxin which binds to the gut lining and disrupts its function, ultimately killing the insect.

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What is the benefit of using Bt toxin in crops?

Bt crops produce their own insecticide, reducing the need for synthetic pesticides. This benefits the environment, improves crop yield, and reduces pesticide residues in food.

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How does RNAi work to protect tobacco plants?

A specific RNA sequence targeting the nematode's genes is introduced into the tobacco plant. This RNA binds to and silences the nematode's mRNA, preventing the nematode from successfully infecting the plant.

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Why is recombinant DNA technology important in healthcare?

It allows for the mass production of safe and effective drugs, vaccines, and other therapeutic products. This has revolutionized the treatment of many diseases.

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Study Notes

Biotechnology and its Applications

  • Biotechnology utilizes biological systems, organisms, or parts thereof to create products.
  • Traditional examples include brewing and baking, utilizing living organisms in their natural form.
  • Modern biotechnology often involves modifying biological systems.
  • Genetic engineering, developed in the 1970s, enabled rapid advancements in biotechnology.
  • Biotechnology significantly contributes to industrial production of biopharmaceuticals using genetically modified organisms(GMOs).
  • Applications include therapeutics, diagnostics, genetically modified crops, processed food, bioremediation, waste treatment, and energy production.

Agriculture

  • Genetically modified crops offer an alternative to conventional farming, potentially maximizing yields while minimizing fertilizer and chemical use.
  • GMOs help crops tolerate abiotic stresses such as cold, drought, salt, and heat, and are pest resistant.
  • GMOs improve crop efficiency for mineral usage, thus preventing early soil exhaustion.
  • Enhanced nutritional value in foods, such as Vitamin A-enriched golden rice, is another benefit.
  • Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin, a natural insecticide, is a biopesticide used in modified crops like Bt cotton, Bt corn, and others.

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)

  • GMOs involve altering the genes of plants, bacteria, fungi, or animals to achieve specific traits.
  • GMOs may tolerate various abiotic stresses (cold, drought, salt), be pest-resistant, improve mineral use, and enhance nutritional value.
  • Examples include pest-resistant Bt crops (cotton, corn, rice, tomato, potatoes).
  • Golden rice, enriched with Vitamin A, is an example of improved nutritional value.

Pest-resistant Plants

  • Nematodes, like Meloidogyne incognita, are parasites negatively affecting plant yields.
  • RNA interference (RNAi) is a method to silence specific mRNA, preventing translation and potentially controlling nematode infestation.

Medicine

  • Recombinant DNA technology significantly impacted healthcare, enabling large-scale production of safer, effective therapeutic drugs.
  • These recombinant therapeutics avoid the immune responses associated with products from non-human sources.
  • Insulin production is a key example.

Gene Therapy

  • Gene therapy is a process to correct genetic defects by inserting normal genes into cells/tissues.
  • It aims to correct genetic diseases in embryos/children.
  • Disease-causing gene faults are corrected by introducing normal genes in the cells/tissue, using various methods.

Curing Adenosine Deaminase (ADA) Deficiency

  • ADA is critical for the immune system; its deficiency leads to a deficiency in immune response.
  • Gene therapy can cure ADA deficiency by introducing functional ADA cDNA into lymphocytes.
  • This involves culturing lymphocytes outside the body, introducing the correct gene, and returning modified cells to the patient.
  • Early embryonic cell ADA introduction may lead to permanent cure.

Molecular Diagnosis

  • Early diagnosis with accurate understanding of disease pathology is crucial for effective treatment.
  • Techniques like PCR and ELISA help detect pathogens or genetic abnormalities at low concentrations.
  • PCR detects HIV in suspected AIDS patients and genetic mutations in cancer patients.
  • ELISA detects pathogens by detecting antigens/antibodies.

CRISPR Technology

  • CRISPR is a genome editing tool that easily modifies DNA sequences.
  • CRISPR-Cas9 was adapted from bacteria to edit genomes.
  • Researchers utilize CRISPR to target specific genes for manipulation.

Transgenic Animals

  • Transgenic animals have foreign genes introduced and expressed.
  • Transgenic animals are valuable models for studying human diseases and developing new therapies.
  • Transgenic animals can be used for studying the biological role of proteins.

Normal Physiology and Development

  • Transgenic animals are used to study gene function during development.
  • They help understand factors of growth.
  • This involves introducing genes from an alternative source to alter growth formation.

Study of Diseases

  • Transgenic animals model human diseases, enabling investigations of new treatments.
  • They help understand how genes contribute to the development of different diseases.
  • Researchers utilize these for studying cancer, cystic fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and other diseases.

Biological Products

  • Transgenic animals are used for producing valuable biological products.
  • They produce human proteins, addressing production limitations and high cost of treatment.
  • This is demonstrated in transgenic cows producing human protein milk.

Vaccine Safety Testing

  • Transgenic mice are efficient for safety testing vaccines prior to human trials.
  • Testing uses transgenic animals that have greater sensitivity to toxic substances.

Chemical Safety Testing

  • Transgenic animals are tested for harmful chemicals to understand toxicity and reaction with different chemicals in the body.
  • Animal models are used for testing safety and toxicity of other chemicals.

Biotechnology in India

  • The Department of Biotechnology manages most biotechnology programs in India.
  • This organization functions under the Ministry of Science and Technology.
  • Focuses on implementing biosafety guidelines, creating efficient information networks, and addressing concerns about genetically modified organisms in research.
  • The Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC) is involved in appraising activities regarding hazardous microorganisms and recombinants in industrial/research contexts.

Conclusion

  • Biotechnology effectively addresses global development challenges like food and water security, which may negatively impact national development and peace.

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Biotechnology and its Applications PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on the applications and impacts of biotechnology, particularly in genetic modification and recombinant DNA technology. This quiz covers topics such as Bt toxin, insulin synthesis, and the role of GMOs in agriculture and healthcare.

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