1-Innovation-in-the-Field-of-Biotechnology.ppt

Innovation in the Field of Biotechnology  Biotechnology – coined word from Bio and Technology Bio comes from Greek word bios – meaning “life” Technology comes from the two Greek words techne and logos Techne means art, skill, craft, or the way, manner, or means by which a...

Innovation in the Field of Biotechnology  Biotechnology – coined word from Bio and Technology Bio comes from Greek word bios – meaning “life” Technology comes from the two Greek words techne and logos Techne means art, skill, craft, or the way, manner, or means by which a thing is gained. Logos means word, thought & principle. Technology therefore is the application of scientific knowledge or principles for practical purposes. (putting knowledge into good use)  Biotechnology is the use of an organism, or a component of an organism or other biological system, to make a product or process for a specific use. It involves both cutting-edge laboratory techniques, traditional agricultural and culinary techniques that have been practiced for hundreds of years.  It is a field of biology that involves the use of living things in engineering, technology, medicine, and food production. It includes procedures for modifying living organisms, domestication of animals, cultivation of plants and improvements to these through breeding program and artificial selection and hybridization. The earliest example of biotechnology is the domestication of plants and animals. Domestication began over 10,000 years ago when our ancestors started keeping plants as a reliable source of food. Biotechnology Timeline Biotechnology Timeline 8000-4000 B.C.E. Humans domesticate crops and livestock. Potatoes first are cultivated for food.  Biotechnology Timeline 2000 B.C.E. Biotechnology is used for the first time when the Egyptians use yeast to leaven bread and ferment beer Production of cheese, fermentation of wine occur in Sumeria, China, Egypt  Fermentation is the process that many microorganisms (yeasts, molds and bacteria) use to convert sugars into energy. The products generated from fermentation affect the nature of the food that the microorganism is in - carbon dioxide causes bread to rise, lactic acid makes yogurt sour, and alcohol is produced in the formation of beer and wine. Fermentation was probably discovered by accident, and our early ancestors didn’t know how it worked. Some societies thought fermentation was a miracle or gift from their god.  Biotechnology Timeline 500 B.C.E. Chinese use the first antibiotic: Moldy soybean curds for treating boils Biotechnology Timeline 100 C.E. First insecticide: powdered chrysanthemums (China)  Biotechnology Timeline 1797 First vaccination Edward Jenner inoculates a child with a vial vaccine to protect him from smallpox.  Biotechnology Timeline 1830-1833 1830 Proteins are discovered. Model of a 5-peptide protein. 1833 First enzyme is discovered and isolated.  Biotechnology Timeline 1857 Louis Pasteur proposes that microbes cause fermentation. He later conducts experiments that support the germ theory of disease. Biotechnology Timeline 1859 Charles Darwin publishes the theory of evolution by natural selection.  Biotechnology Timeline 1865 The science of genetics begins when Austrian monk Gregor Mendel studies flowers in his garden to develop the basic laws of heredity Biotechnology Timeline 1915 Phages — viruses that only infect bacteria — are discovered. Biotechnology Timeline 1919 The word “biotechnology” is used in print for the first time.  Biotechnology Timeline 1927 Herman Muller discovers that radiation causes defects in chromosomes (mutations).  1928 Sir Alexander Fleming discovers the antibiotic penicillin by chance when he realizes that Penicillium mold kills bacteria. He shared the 1945 Nobel Prize in Medicine with Ernst Boris Chain and Sir Howard Walter Florey.  Biotechnology Timeline 1944 DNA is proven to carry genetic information by Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod and Maclyn McCarty. DNA model made out of LEGOs  Biotechnology Timeline 1953 James Watson and Francis Crick describe the double helical structure of DNA. They shared the 1962 Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology with Maurice Wilkins. Biotechnology Timeline 3D model of insulin  Biotechnology Timeline 1971 The first complete synthesis of a gene occurs. (gene cloning)  Biotechnology Timeline 1973 Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer perfect genetic engineering techniques to cut and paste DNA using restriction enzymes. (1977 sees the first expression of a human gene in bacteria.) Stanley Cohen Herbert Boyer and a recombinant bacterium Cohen won a Nobel Prize in 1986 for an unrelated discovery!  Biotechnology Timeline 1986 First recombinant vaccine is approved for human use: hepatitis B. First anti-cancer drug is produced through biotech: interferon.  Biotechnology Timeline 1987 First field tests of genetically modified food plants are approved, for virus resistant tomatoes.  Biotechnology Timeline 1990 The Human Genome Project — an international effort to maps all of the genes in the human genome — is launched. Francis Collins, M.D., Ph.D. Director, Human Genome Project  Biotechnology Timeline 1994 Genetically modified tomatoes are sold for the first time in the United States.  Biotechnology Timeline 1996 Sequencing of the baker’s yeast genome is completed.  Biotechnology Timeline 1997 Scientists report the birth of Dolly, the first animal cloned from an adult cell. Dolly (1996-2003) as an adult Dolly and her surrogate mother  Biotechnology Timeline 1998 Human embryonic stem cell lines are established. They offer hope to many because they may be able to replace diseased or dysfunctional cells.  Biotechnology Timeline 2003 The SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) virus is sequenced three weeks after its discovery. SARS, which began in China, spreads quickly — and spreads fear throughout the Far East and the world. The last reported cases occurred in 2004 and resulted from laboratory-acquired infections. Biotechnology Timeline 2004 The first cloned pet — a kitten — is delivered to its owner. She is called Copy Cat (or Cc for short).  Biotechnology Timeline 2004 Avastin, a recombinant monoclonal antibody, is the first targeted biological therapy of its kind to receive FDA approval.  Biotechnology Timeline 2006 A vaccine against the human papillomavirus, which causes cancer of the cervix, receives FDA approval. The vaccine is made via recombinant DNA technology by inserting of the viral genes into the DNA of baker’s yeast..  Biotechnology Timeline 2007 Scientists discover how to use human skin cells to create embryonic stem cells.  Biotechnology Timeline 2008 Japanese scientists create the first DNA molecule made almost entirely of artificial parts. This advances the field of gene therapy and brings scientists one step closer to creating an artificial organism.  Biotechnology Timeline 2009 U.S. Congress frees up federal funding for broader embryonic stem cell research. Canadian-owned Medicago produces the first plant-based influenza vaccine, in tobacco leaves. Medicago has built a manufacturing facility in Durham, N.C., to scale up production.  Biotechnology Timeline 2010 Researchers at the J. Craig Venter Institute create the first synthetic cell.