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Questions and Answers
What does a risk ratio compare?
What does a risk ratio compare?
- The proportion of a health event in one group to the proportion of the same event in another group
- The risk of a health event among one group with the risk of the same event in another group (correct)
- The odds of a health event in one group to the odds of the same event in another group
- The rate of a health event in one group to the rate of the same event in another group
What is used to quantify the relationship between an exposure and a particular disease?
What is used to quantify the relationship between an exposure and a particular disease?
- Risk ratio (correct)
- Odds ratio
- Two-by-two table
- Rate ratio
Inherent characteristics of persons, biologic characteristics, and acquired characteristics are examples of what?
Inherent characteristics of persons, biologic characteristics, and acquired characteristics are examples of what?
- Activities and conditions under which they live (correct)
- Exposure used loosely
- Exposure to toxic substances
- Measures of association
What does an odds ratio compare?
What does an odds ratio compare?
What does a rate ratio compare?
What does a rate ratio compare?
What does a two-by-two table (contingency table) help to analyze?
What does a two-by-two table (contingency table) help to analyze?
What does the attributable proportion represent in the context of disease and exposure?
What does the attributable proportion represent in the context of disease and exposure?
In the context of vaccine efficacy and vaccine effectiveness, when is vaccine efficacy used?
In the context of vaccine efficacy and vaccine effectiveness, when is vaccine efficacy used?
What does a vaccine efficacy of 90% indicate?
What does a vaccine efficacy of 90% indicate?
What does the term 'vaccine effectiveness' refer to?
What does the term 'vaccine effectiveness' refer to?
In the context of vaccine effectiveness, what does a 72% reduction in varicella cases among the vaccinated group indicate?
In the context of vaccine effectiveness, what does a 72% reduction in varicella cases among the vaccinated group indicate?
What does the calculation of attributable proportion assume about the risk of disease in the exposed group compared to the unexposed group?
What does the calculation of attributable proportion assume about the risk of disease in the exposed group compared to the unexposed group?
In a study of smoking and lung cancer, what does it mean if about 88% of the lung cancer among smokers may be attributable to their smoking?
In a study of smoking and lung cancer, what does it mean if about 88% of the lung cancer among smokers may be attributable to their smoking?
What does vaccine efficacy measure among vaccinated persons?
What does vaccine efficacy measure among vaccinated persons?
When studying vaccine efficacy and vaccine effectiveness, what is measured to determine the % reduction?
When studying vaccine efficacy and vaccine effectiveness, what is measured to determine the % reduction?
In an outbreak of varicella (chickenpox) in Oregon, what does a VE (Vaccine Efficacy) of 72% indicate?
In an outbreak of varicella (chickenpox) in Oregon, what does a VE (Vaccine Efficacy) of 72% indicate?
What do vaccine efficacy and vaccine effectiveness measure?
What do vaccine efficacy and vaccine effectiveness measure?
In calculating attributable proportion, what is assumed about the risk of disease between exposed and unexposed groups?
In calculating attributable proportion, what is assumed about the risk of disease between exposed and unexposed groups?
What does a risk ratio of 1.0 indicate?
What does a risk ratio of 1.0 indicate?
In the context of public health impact, which measure reflects the burden that an exposure contributes to the frequency of disease in the population?
In the context of public health impact, which measure reflects the burden that an exposure contributes to the frequency of disease in the population?
What does an odds ratio compare?
What does an odds ratio compare?
In a case-control study, what is the measure of choice for quantifying the relationship between exposure and outcome?
In a case-control study, what is the measure of choice for quantifying the relationship between exposure and outcome?
What does a rate ratio greater than 1.0 indicate?
What does a rate ratio greater than 1.0 indicate?
What does the attributable proportion represent in the context of disease and exposure?
What does the attributable proportion represent in the context of disease and exposure?
What is assumed about the risk of disease in the exposed group compared to the unexposed group when calculating attributable proportion?
What is assumed about the risk of disease in the exposed group compared to the unexposed group when calculating attributable proportion?
In a study of smoking and lung cancer, what does it mean if about 88% of lung cancer among smokers may be attributable to their smoking?
In a study of smoking and lung cancer, what does it mean if about 88% of lung cancer among smokers may be attributable to their smoking?
What do vaccine efficacy and vaccine effectiveness measure?
What do vaccine efficacy and vaccine effectiveness measure?
What does a two-by-two table (contingency table) help to analyze?
What does a two-by-two table (contingency table) help to analyze?
In the context of vaccine efficacy and vaccine effectiveness, when is vaccine efficacy used?
In the context of vaccine efficacy and vaccine effectiveness, when is vaccine efficacy used?
Study Notes
Risk Ratio and Odds Ratio
- Risk ratio compares the risk of disease between exposed and unexposed groups
- Odds ratio compares the odds of being exposed among cases and controls
Characteristics of Persons
- Inherent characteristics, biologic characteristics, and acquired characteristics are examples of confounding variables
Rate Ratio
- Rate ratio compares the rate of disease between exposed and unexposed groups
- A rate ratio greater than 1.0 indicates a higher rate of disease in the exposed group
Two-by-Two Table (Contingency Table)
- Helps to analyze the relationship between an exposure and a particular disease
- Used to calculate measures such as risk ratio, odds ratio, and attributable proportion
Attributable Proportion
- Represents the proportion of disease that can be attributed to an exposure
- Assumes that the risk of disease is greater in the exposed group compared to the unexposed group
- In a study of smoking and lung cancer, an attributable proportion of 88% means that 88% of lung cancer among smokers may be attributed to their smoking
Vaccine Efficacy and Vaccine Effectiveness
- Vaccine efficacy measures the percentage reduction in disease incidence among vaccinated persons
- Vaccine effectiveness measures the percentage reduction in disease incidence in a population
- Vaccine efficacy is used when the analysis is restricted to the vaccinated group
- A vaccine efficacy of 90% indicates that the vaccine is 90% effective in preventing disease among vaccinated persons
- A vaccine effectiveness of 72% indicates that the vaccine is 72% effective in reducing disease incidence in the population
- In an outbreak of varicella (chickenpox) in Oregon, a vaccine efficacy of 72% indicates that the vaccine is 72% effective in preventing disease among vaccinated persons
Public Health Impact
- Attributable proportion reflects the burden that an exposure contributes to the frequency of disease in the population
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Description
Test your understanding of measures of association such as risk, odds, and two-by-two tables in the context of biostatistics. This quiz covers the quantification of the relationship between exposure and disease.
