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Questions and Answers
Hvad er schizofreni?
Hvad er schizofreni?
Schizofreni er en alvorlig psykisk lidelse, der påvirker en persons evne til at tænke, føle og opføre sig.
Hvilke to typer symptomer er der i schizofreni?
Hvilke to typer symptomer er der i schizofreni?
Der er positive og negative symptomer.
Hvad er et eksempel på en positiv symptom?
Hvad er et eksempel på en positiv symptom?
En hallucination.
Hvad er den mest almindelige behandling for schizofreni?
Hvad er den mest almindelige behandling for schizofreni?
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Hvad er det vigtigste aspekt af behandlingen af schizofreni?
Hvad er det vigtigste aspekt af behandlingen af schizofreni?
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Hvad er den vigtigste forskel mellem typiske og atypiske antipsykotika?
Hvad er den vigtigste forskel mellem typiske og atypiske antipsykotika?
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Hvilken type af psykiatrisk lidelse er depression?
Hvilken type af psykiatrisk lidelse er depression?
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Hvad er den mest almindelige behandling for depression?
Hvad er den mest almindelige behandling for depression?
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Hvad er den mest almindelige type af antidepressiva?
Hvad er den mest almindelige type af antidepressiva?
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Hvad er den vigtigste forskel mellem en klinisk depression og en følelse af tristhed?
Hvad er den vigtigste forskel mellem en klinisk depression og en følelse af tristhed?
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Hvad er den mest almindelige type af bipolar lidelse?
Hvad er den mest almindelige type af bipolar lidelse?
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Hvad er den vigtigste forskel mellem bipolar I og bipolar II?
Hvad er den vigtigste forskel mellem bipolar I og bipolar II?
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Hvad er et humørstabiliserende middel, der bruges til at behandle bipolar lidelse?
Hvad er et humørstabiliserende middel, der bruges til at behandle bipolar lidelse?
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Hvilken type af psykiatrisk lidelse er angstsygdom?
Hvilken type af psykiatrisk lidelse er angstsygdom?
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Hvad er et eksempel på en angstsygdom?
Hvad er et eksempel på en angstsygdom?
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Hvad er et eksempel på en specifik fobi?
Hvad er et eksempel på en specifik fobi?
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Hvad er den mest almindelige behandling for angstsygdom?
Hvad er den mest almindelige behandling for angstsygdom?
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Hvad er den mest almindelige type af antidepressiva, der bruges til at behandle angstsygdom?
Hvad er den mest almindelige type af antidepressiva, der bruges til at behandle angstsygdom?
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Hvad er en af de mest almindelige bivirkninger af benzodiazepiner?
Hvad er en af de mest almindelige bivirkninger af benzodiazepiner?
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Hvad er Tourettes syndrom?
Hvad er Tourettes syndrom?
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Hvor tidligt i livet opstår Tourettes syndrom?
Hvor tidligt i livet opstår Tourettes syndrom?
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Hvad er den mest almindelige behandling for Tourettes syndrom?
Hvad er den mest almindelige behandling for Tourettes syndrom?
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Hvad er et af de mest almindelige antipsykotiske lægemidler, der bruges til at behandle Tourettes syndrom?
Hvad er et af de mest almindelige antipsykotiske lægemidler, der bruges til at behandle Tourettes syndrom?
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Hvad er et af de mere almindelige antidepressive lægemidler, der bruges til at behandle Tourettes syndrom?
Hvad er et af de mere almindelige antidepressive lægemidler, der bruges til at behandle Tourettes syndrom?
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Hvad er den vigtigste forskel mellem kliniske forsøg, fase I, fase II og fase III?
Hvad er den vigtigste forskel mellem kliniske forsøg, fase I, fase II og fase III?
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Hvad er en dobbeltblindt placebo-kontrolleret undersøgelse?
Hvad er en dobbeltblindt placebo-kontrolleret undersøgelse?
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Hvad er en af de mest kontroversielle aspekter af kliniske forsøg?
Hvad er en af de mest kontroversielle aspekter af kliniske forsøg?
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Study Notes
Chapter 18: Biopsychology of Psychiatric Disorders - Overview
- This chapter covers the biopsychology of five types of psychiatric disorders: schizophrenia, depressive disorders, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, and Tourette's disorder.
- It discusses the diagnosis, symptoms, theories, treatments, genetic and epigenetic factors, and neural bases of each disorder.
- The chapter also outlines the process of developing new psychotherapeutic drugs using clinical trials.
- A key difficulty in studying psychiatric disorders is the difficulty in diagnosing them and distinguishing them from normal human variation. Diagnosis relies on patient symptom profiles, using the DSM-5.
Schizophrenia
- LO18.1: Positive symptoms (excess of typical function) include delusions (e.g., being controlled, persecution, grandeur), hallucinations (imaginary voices), inappropriate affect (inappropriate emotional responses), disorganized speech or thought (illogical thinking), and odd behaviors (difficulty with everyday tasks, unusual beliefs). Negative symptoms (loss of typical function) include affective flattening (lack of emotional expression), avolition (lack of motivation), and catatonia (immobility).
- LO18.2: The first widely prescribed antipsychotic drugs, chlorpromazine and reserpine, were discovered accidentally. Chlorpromazine was developed as an antihistamine.
- LO18.3: The dopamine theory of schizophrenia proposes that schizophrenia is caused by excessive dopamine activity in the brain. Research on Parkinson's disease and the effects of antipsychotic drugs influenced this theory. Subsequent research refined the theory, suggesting that the issue lies with D2 dopamine receptors rather than dopamine levels themselves.
- LO18.4: Current research into schizophrenia includes the role of atypical antipsychotics (acting on dopamine and serotonin receptors) and hallucinogenic drugs. Psychedelic drugs are being studied as a model for symptoms (like illusions), or as tools in treatment.
Depressive Disorders
- LO18.7: Clinical depression (major depressive disorder) is a prolonged period of deep sadness and loss of pleasure. It can impair cognition and daily life.
- LO18.8: Antidepressant medications, including five major classes, were discovered through various early research, beginning with monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). Specific examples for each class are given in the text.
- LO18.9: Two forms of treatment for depression utilizing brain stimulation are repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and deep brain stimulation (DBS) for individuals who are not helped by other treatments.
Bipolar Disorder
- LO18.13: Bipolar disorder type I is characterized by mania and possible episodes of depression, while bipolar disorder type II involves hypomania and periods of depression.
- LO18.14: Lithium carbonate was discovered to be a mood stabilizer, and its effects were initially noticed in treating manic patients. This discovery is an example of accidentally discovering a treatment.
- LO18.15: Several factors may contribute to bipolar disorder, including hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysregulation, circadian rhythm disruptions, and alterations in GABA, glutamate, and dopamine neurotransmission.
- LO18.16: Many genes contribute to bipolar disorder; researchers are now looking at how epigenetic mechanisms may affect the expression of those genes to reveal mechanisms.
- LO18.17: MRI studies have shown reduced gray matter volume in some brain structures of those with bipolar disorder and changes in brain function related to cognition.
Anxiety Disorders
- LO18.18: Four anxiety disorders are generalized anxiety disorder, specific phobias, agoraphobia, and panic disorder.
- LO18.19: Three sorts of drugs used to treat anxiety disorders include benzodiazepines (e.g., chlordiazepoxide, diazepam), antidepressants, and pregabalin.
- LO18.20: Animal models of anxiety disorders include the elevated plus-maze, defensive burying, and risk assessment.
- LO18.21: Genes associated with anxiety disorders are not clear. Research has shifted towards understanding environmental and epigenetic mechanisms.
Tourette's Disorder
- LO18.23: Tourette's disorder is a disorder of involuntary, repetitive movements or vocalizations (tics). These can vary in complexity and occur in different body parts.
- LO18.24: Treatment for Tourette's disorder often starts by educating patients, family members, and teachers. Medication (antipsychotics) can help with symptoms, while alternative treatments (behavioral interventions) are also helpful.
- LO18.25: The genetic and epigenetic mechanisms of Tourette's disorder are being studied. Specific genes that are methylated have been found in individuals with the disorder.
- LO18.26: Research has focused on the striatum (caudate plus putamen). Smaller striatal volumes and changes in functional connectivity (between prefrontal, striatum) have been observed.
Clinical Trials
- LO18.27, LO18.28, LO18.29: The chapter details the phases of clinical trials (screening for safety, establishing protocols, final testing). Ethical, financial issues, and the length of the process are some controversies within clinical trials. These factors and the importance of diverse subject groups are also discussed. The effectiveness of clinical trials and the role of financial conflicts remain significant aspects influencing results.
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Description
Dette kapitel udforsker biopsykologien bag fem typer psykiatriske lidelser, herunder skizofreni og depressive lidelser. Det dækker diagnosticering, symptomer, teorier og behandlinger, samt udviklingen af nye psykoterapeutiske lægemidler. Kapitlet belyser også udfordringerne ved korrekt diagnose.
