Lecture 9

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Questions and Answers

Which type of drugs alter our experience and consciousness?

Hallucinogens

What is a negative consequence of psychoactive substance use related to alcohol?

Liver damage (e.g., alcohol metabolism)

What is a societal harm associated with drug misuse?

Arrest and Incarceration

Which neurotransmitter is affected in hyperdopaminergic mutant mice?

Dopamine Signup and view all the answers

What kind of responses do bitter tastes produce across species?

Aversive responses Signup and view all the answers

According to the readings, what does A. I. Leshner propose addiction to be?

A brain disease Signup and view all the answers

What does the disease model of addiction emphasize?

Biological factors Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of dopamine in drug addiction, based on intracranial-stimulation studies?

Implicated in compulsive behaviors and drug addiction Signup and view all the answers

What do DA antagonists largely abolish, suggesting dopamine's role in reinforcement?

Self-administration and conditioned place preference effects Signup and view all the answers

Which brain region is particularly related to reward and pleasure in the context of drug addiction?

Nucleus Accumbens Signup and view all the answers

What did Alexander's 'The Myth of Drug-Induced Addiction' challenge?

The notion that drug exposure is the sole cause of addiction Signup and view all the answers

What do Rat Park studies suggest as a factor in creating drug addiction?

Environmental stressors Signup and view all the answers

What are the factors involved in the complexity of addiction?

Learning, drug exposure, and environmental and genetic factors Signup and view all the answers

Why do people take drugs, according to the text?

To experience anticipated positive effects Signup and view all the answers

What can influence drug self-administration according to the text?

Individual differences associated with novelty seeking and sensation-seeking Signup and view all the answers

What motivates drug-seeking behavior according to the text?

Anticipated pleasure Signup and view all the answers

What does the mesotelencephalic DA system reflect, rather than signaling pleasure?

Drug anticipation Signup and view all the answers

What does the neutral stimuli predicting drug administration do to DA activity?

Increase DA activity Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary aim of the biopsychology of drugs and drug addiction?

To understand the basic principles of drug action and addiction from a biopsychological perspective Signup and view all the answers

Which theme focuses on drug tolerance, withdrawal, and situating addiction within chronic diseases?

Theme 1 Signup and view all the answers

Through which route can drugs enter the nervous system?

Oral administration Signup and view all the answers

Where does drug metabolism primarily occur?

Liver Signup and view all the answers

What does drug tolerance involve?

Decreased effects of a drug after repeated exposure Signup and view all the answers

What is drug withdrawal syndrome characterized by?

Opposing drug effects after prolonged drug exposure Signup and view all the answers

What are the complex aspects of drug addiction characterized by?

Compulsive and frequent use, loss of self-control, and physical changes Signup and view all the answers

What does the text discuss regarding the common theories of why people become addicts?

Willpower, lifestyle/environmental factors, and biological/genetic factors Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest about the theories of why people become overweight?

Willpower, lifestyle/environmental factors, and biological/genetic factors Signup and view all the answers

Which system does Theme 2 delve into regarding the behavioral neuroscience of addiction?

Mesotelencephalic dopamine system Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of cocaine on neurotransmitter systems?

Cocaine's impact on dopamine levels Signup and view all the answers

Which organ can be damaged by certain drugs like alcohol and paracetamol?

Liver Signup and view all the answers

What influences drug use according to the text?

Lifestyle and environmental factors such as peers and advertisements Signup and view all the answers

What does the disease model of addiction view addiction as?

A medical condition with biological and environmental factors Signup and view all the answers

What is the heritability of drug addiction comparable to, according to the text?

Diseases like hypertension, diabetes, and asthma Signup and view all the answers

What do most drugs of abuse affect in the brain?

Midbrain dopaminergic pathways associated with motivation and learning Signup and view all the answers

What does treatment for addiction involve according to the text?

Lifestyle changes, family history awareness, stress reduction, and adherence to treatment Signup and view all the answers

What are some reasons for relapse according to the text?

Socioeconomic status, lack of support, and comorbid psychiatric illness Signup and view all the answers

What supports punitive drug policies according to the text?

Stigmatization of addicts as weak or immoral Signup and view all the answers

What does the text say about genetic heritability and drug use?

Genetic heritability predisposes individuals to drug use Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of personal responsibility in addiction according to the text?

Debatable, as with diseases like hypertension Signup and view all the answers

How do involuntary genetic predispositions interact with voluntary decision making in drug use according to the text?

Involuntary genetic predispositions can interact with voluntary decision making in drug use Signup and view all the answers

What does the text say about the effectiveness of drug treatment programs?

Depends on long-term adherence and affordability Signup and view all the answers

What does the disease model of addiction suggest about its treatment?

It can be treated with a range of preventative and curative interventions Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Biopsychology of Drugs and Drug Addiction

Stigmatization of addicts as weak or immoral supports punitive drug policies
Drug use influenced by lifestyle and environmental factors such as peers and advertisements
Genetic heritability predisposes individuals to drug use
Disease model of addiction views it as a medical condition with biological and environmental factors
Heritability of drug addiction comparable to diseases like hypertension, diabetes, and asthma
Personal responsibility in addiction despite genetic predisposition is debatable, as with diseases like hypertension
Involuntary genetic predispositions can interact with voluntary decision making in drug use
Most drugs of abuse affect midbrain dopaminergic pathways associated with motivation and learning
Treatment for addiction involves lifestyle changes, family history awareness, stress reduction, and adherence to treatment
Effectiveness of drug treatment programs depends on long-term adherence and affordability
Relapse reasons include socioeconomic status, lack of support, and comorbid psychiatric illness
The disease model of addiction suggests it can be treated with a range of preventative and curative interventions