Biopsychology Chapter 11 Final

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Questions and Answers

Which one of these is the most correct?

Semantic; Episodic (correct)

Implicit; Explicit

Explicit; Implicit

Episodic; Semantic

Remembering how much an ice-cream cost when we were small is a

Semantic memory (correct)

Episodic memory

Adding up what the groceries cost for dinner right now, is

Episodic memory

Semantic memory (correct)

Someone with damage to their bilateral medial temporal lobe can present with issues with their

Episodic memory Signup and view all the answers

Episodic memory is also known as

Autobiographical memory Signup and view all the answers

To know all the names of your first grade class from 40 years ago, is

Episodic memory Signup and view all the answers

Which lobes were removed from H.M.'s brain during the lobectomy?

Temporal lobes Signup and view all the answers

What type of amnesia did H.M. experience after the lobectomy?

Anterograde amnesia Signup and view all the answers

Which tests were used to assess H.M.'s anterograde amnesia?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What did H.M. demonstrate in terms of unconscious memory?

Retention of tasks without conscious recollection Signup and view all the answers

Which lobes are illustrated in Figure 11.1?

Temporal lobes Signup and view all the answers

What did H.M.'s ability to recognize fragmented versions of incomplete-pictures indicate?

Unconscious memory for the items Signup and view all the answers

Which brain area is known for its complex visual functions?

Inferotemporal cortex Signup and view all the answers

Which brain area is responsible for holding memories?

Hippocampus Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the delayed nonmatching-to-sample test for monkeys?

To assess object recognition Signup and view all the answers

What type of amnesia did the electroconvulsive shocks produce for one-season television shows?

Retrograde amnesia Signup and view all the answers

What structures make up the medial temporal lobe?

Hippocampus, amygdala, and medial temporal cortex Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Mumby box in studying object recognition in rats?

To study object recognition Signup and view all the answers

Which brain region is specialized in visual memory and processing?

Inferotemporal cortex Signup and view all the answers

What is the presumed role of the cerebellum in memory?

Storing implicit memories of sensorimotor skills Signup and view all the answers

Which brain region would most likely be involved in a person learning to ride a bicycle for the first time?

Striatum Signup and view all the answers

What is the process that results in hypersensitivity of synapses and is postulated by Hebb?

Long-term potentiation Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of NMDA receptors in the induction of long-term potentiation?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the increase in number and size of synapses and dendritic spines during the maintenance and expression of long-term potentiation?

Structural changes Signup and view all the answers

Based on the description of the amygdala's role, which scenario best exemplifies the amygdala's influence on memory?

A person being unable to forget a traumatic incident. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of inferotemporal cortex's mnemonic functions, how would it affect an individual's memory if this region were damaged?

It would lead to deficits in visual memory. Signup and view all the answers

Imagine a patient with damage to the prefrontal cortex. In which situation would they likely face the most challenges?

Following a recipe to cook a meal. Signup and view all the answers

What role does the cerebellum play in memory?

Storing sensorimotor skill memories. Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory is the striatum implicated in storing?

Habit formation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main outcome of large lesions in the prefrontal cortex?

Episodic memory deficits. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Memory and Brain Structures

Ice-cream cost from childhood illustrates prospective memory, relating to the ability to remember past experiences.
Current grocery costs reference working memory, focused on present task performance.
Damage to the bilateral medial temporal lobe may lead to severe memory impairments, particularly episodic memory issues.
Episodic memory is also termed autobiographical memory, relating to personal experiences and specific events.
Remembering classmates from 40 years ago exemplifies long-term declarative memory, particularly episodic.

H.M. Case Study Insights

H.M. underwent lobectomy removing hippocampus and medial temporal lobes.
Post-surgery, he experienced anterograde amnesia, being unable to form new memories after the procedure.
Assessed for memory deficits with tests like the digit span task and mirror tracing.
H.M. demonstrated unconscious memory through learning tasks despite lacking conscious awareness of learning them.

Brain Regions & Functions

Figure 11.1 illustrates temporal lobes and potentially the hippocampus.
Ability to recognize fragmented pictures indicated intact implicit memory and visual processing.
The occipital lobe is known for complex visual functions.
The hippocampus is essential for memory consolidation and retrieval.

Experimental Methods and Memory Studies

The delayed nonmatching-to-sample test for monkeys assesses object recognition memory and working memory capacity.
Electroconvulsive shocks can produce temporary anterograde amnesia affecting memory for recently acquired information.
The medial temporal lobe comprises structures like the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus.
The Mumby box is utilized in rat studies to understand object recognition and memory encoding.

Specialization and Memory Types

The inferotemporal cortex is specialized in visual memory and processing.
The cerebellum plays a role in coordination and the formation of procedural memories.
Learning to ride a bicycle is largely associated with the cerebellum, crucial for motor control and skill acquisition.

Memory Mechanisms and Processes

Hebbian theory postulates synaptic strengthening through synaptic plasticity, resulting in hypersensitivity of synapses.
NMDA receptors are critical for the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP), a neural basis for learning.
The increase in the size and number of synapses during LTP is termed synaptic remodeling.

Effects of Brain Damage on Memory

The amygdala influences emotional aspects of memory, impacting how trauma can enhance memory recall.
Damage to the inferotemporal cortex can hinder the ability to recognize objects and enhance memory retrieval.
A patient with prefrontal cortex damage would likely struggle with tasks requiring executive functioning and decision-making.

Memory Types and Brain Areas

The striatum is implicated in the storage of procedural memory, essential for skills and habits.
Large lesions in the prefrontal cortex can result in impaired working memory and difficulty in memory organization and retrieval.

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Test your knowledge on the presumed role of the cerebellum in memory! Explore the different scenarios where memory is involved and see if you can identify the specific functions of the cerebellum. From storing explicit memories to recognizing shapes and colors, this quiz covers it all. Challenge yourself and see how well you understand the role of the cerebellum in memory formation.