Biopsychology Chapter 11 Final
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Questions and Answers

Which one of these is the most correct?

  • Semantic; Episodic (correct)
  • Implicit; Explicit
  • Explicit; Implicit
  • Episodic; Semantic

Remembering how much an ice-cream cost when we were small is a

  • Semantic memory (correct)
  • Episodic memory

Adding up what the groceries cost for dinner right now, is

  • Episodic memory
  • Semantic memory (correct)

Someone with damage to their bilateral medial temporal lobe can present with issues with their

<p>Episodic memory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Episodic memory is also known as

<p>Autobiographical memory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

To know all the names of your first grade class from 40 years ago, is

<p>Episodic memory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lobes were removed from H.M.'s brain during the lobectomy?

<p>Temporal lobes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of amnesia did H.M. experience after the lobectomy?

<p>Anterograde amnesia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which tests were used to assess H.M.'s anterograde amnesia?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did H.M. demonstrate in terms of unconscious memory?

<p>Retention of tasks without conscious recollection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lobes are illustrated in Figure 11.1?

<p>Temporal lobes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did H.M.'s ability to recognize fragmented versions of incomplete-pictures indicate?

<p>Unconscious memory for the items (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain area is known for its complex visual functions?

<p>Inferotemporal cortex (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain area is responsible for holding memories?

<p>Hippocampus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the delayed nonmatching-to-sample test for monkeys?

<p>To assess object recognition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of amnesia did the electroconvulsive shocks produce for one-season television shows?

<p>Retrograde amnesia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structures make up the medial temporal lobe?

<p>Hippocampus, amygdala, and medial temporal cortex (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Mumby box in studying object recognition in rats?

<p>To study object recognition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain region is specialized in visual memory and processing?

<p>Inferotemporal cortex (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the presumed role of the cerebellum in memory?

<p>Storing implicit memories of sensorimotor skills (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain region would most likely be involved in a person learning to ride a bicycle for the first time?

<p>Striatum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process that results in hypersensitivity of synapses and is postulated by Hebb?

<p>Long-term potentiation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of NMDA receptors in the induction of long-term potentiation?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the increase in number and size of synapses and dendritic spines during the maintenance and expression of long-term potentiation?

<p>Structural changes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the description of the amygdala's role, which scenario best exemplifies the amygdala's influence on memory?

<p>A person being unable to forget a traumatic incident. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of inferotemporal cortex's mnemonic functions, how would it affect an individual's memory if this region were damaged?

<p>It would lead to deficits in visual memory. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Imagine a patient with damage to the prefrontal cortex. In which situation would they likely face the most challenges?

<p>Following a recipe to cook a meal. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the cerebellum play in memory?

<p>Storing sensorimotor skill memories. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory is the striatum implicated in storing?

<p>Habit formation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main outcome of large lesions in the prefrontal cortex?

<p>Episodic memory deficits. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Prospective Memory

A type of memory that allows us to remember things we need to do in the future. For example, remembering to buy milk at the grocery store.

Working Memory

A type of memory that holds information for a short period of time, allowing us to process information and perform tasks. For example, remembering the phone number you just looked up.

Hippocampus

A brain structure located in the medial temporal lobe that is crucial for forming new memories.

Episodic Memory

A type of memory that allows us to remember personal experiences and events. For example, remembering your first day of school.

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Autobiographical Memory

Another term for episodic memory, highlighting its personal and autobiographical nature.

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Declarative Memory

A long-term memory system that stores facts, concepts, and general knowledge. For example, knowing that Paris is the capital of France.

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Anterograde Amnesia

A type of amnesia that affects the ability to form new memories after an event, like a brain injury or surgery. For example, a person with anterograde amnesia might not remember what they had for breakfast today.

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Digit Span Task

A test used to assess working memory capacity by asking a participant to repeat numbers in a specific order.

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Mirror Tracing

A test used to assess visuomotor skills and motor learning, where participants trace a star by looking in a mirror.

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Unconscious Memory

A type of memory that is not consciously recalled but still influences behavior. For example, riding a bike.

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Object Recognition Memory

The ability to remember objects and recognize them later. For example, recognizing a friend's face.

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Occipital Lobe

The area of the brain responsible for complex visual functions.

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Implicit Memory

A type of memory that is formed without conscious awareness or effort. For example, learning a new dance routine.

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Memory Consolidation

The process by which memories are strengthened and made more stable over time.

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Delayed Nonmatching-to-Sample Test

A test used to assess object recognition memory in monkeys, where they are required to choose the different object from a pair.

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Temporary Anterograde Amnesia

Temporary memory loss caused by electroconvulsive shocks. Often affects recent memories.

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Medial Temporal Lobe

A brain region that includes the hippocampus and other structures important for memory.

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Mumby Box

A device used in rat studies to assess object recognition and memory encoding.

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Inferotemporal Cortex

A brain region specialized in visual processing, including memory for visual information.

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Cerebellum

A brain structure that plays a crucial role in coordination and the formation of procedural memories. For example, remembering how to ride a bike.

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Procedural Memories

Memories acquired through practice and repetition, often unconscious and automatic. For example, riding a bike.

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Hebbian Theory

A theory that explains how memories are formed and strengthened through the strengthening of neural connections. This strengthening is due to changes in the structure and function of synapses.

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Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)

A type of synaptic plasticity that involves the strengthening of synapses. This process is thought to be the neural basis for learning.

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NMDA Receptors

A type of receptor that is essential for long-term potentiation, allowing calcium ions to enter the neurons.

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Synaptic Remodeling

The process by which the size and number of synapses change during long-term potentiation.

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Amygdala

A brain structure that plays a role in emotional processing and memory. It can influence how we remember emotionally charged events.

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Executive Functioning

The ability to plan, organize, and make decisions. This function is often impaired by damage to the prefrontal cortex.

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Prefrontal Cortex

A brain region involved in planning, decision-making, and working memory. Damage to this region can affect these functions.

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Striatum

A brain structure that is implicated in the storage of procedural memories, such as skills and habits.

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Study Notes

Memory and Brain Structures

  • Ice-cream cost from childhood illustrates prospective memory, relating to the ability to remember past experiences.
  • Current grocery costs reference working memory, focused on present task performance.
  • Damage to the bilateral medial temporal lobe may lead to severe memory impairments, particularly episodic memory issues.
  • Episodic memory is also termed autobiographical memory, relating to personal experiences and specific events.
  • Remembering classmates from 40 years ago exemplifies long-term declarative memory, particularly episodic.

H.M. Case Study Insights

  • H.M. underwent lobectomy removing hippocampus and medial temporal lobes.
  • Post-surgery, he experienced anterograde amnesia, being unable to form new memories after the procedure.
  • Assessed for memory deficits with tests like the digit span task and mirror tracing.
  • H.M. demonstrated unconscious memory through learning tasks despite lacking conscious awareness of learning them.

Brain Regions & Functions

  • Figure 11.1 illustrates temporal lobes and potentially the hippocampus.
  • Ability to recognize fragmented pictures indicated intact implicit memory and visual processing.
  • The occipital lobe is known for complex visual functions.
  • The hippocampus is essential for memory consolidation and retrieval.

Experimental Methods and Memory Studies

  • The delayed nonmatching-to-sample test for monkeys assesses object recognition memory and working memory capacity.
  • Electroconvulsive shocks can produce temporary anterograde amnesia affecting memory for recently acquired information.
  • The medial temporal lobe comprises structures like the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus.
  • The Mumby box is utilized in rat studies to understand object recognition and memory encoding.

Specialization and Memory Types

  • The inferotemporal cortex is specialized in visual memory and processing.
  • The cerebellum plays a role in coordination and the formation of procedural memories.
  • Learning to ride a bicycle is largely associated with the cerebellum, crucial for motor control and skill acquisition.

Memory Mechanisms and Processes

  • Hebbian theory postulates synaptic strengthening through synaptic plasticity, resulting in hypersensitivity of synapses.
  • NMDA receptors are critical for the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP), a neural basis for learning.
  • The increase in the size and number of synapses during LTP is termed synaptic remodeling.

Effects of Brain Damage on Memory

  • The amygdala influences emotional aspects of memory, impacting how trauma can enhance memory recall.
  • Damage to the inferotemporal cortex can hinder the ability to recognize objects and enhance memory retrieval.
  • A patient with prefrontal cortex damage would likely struggle with tasks requiring executive functioning and decision-making.

Memory Types and Brain Areas

  • The striatum is implicated in the storage of procedural memory, essential for skills and habits.
  • Large lesions in the prefrontal cortex can result in impaired working memory and difficulty in memory organization and retrieval.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the presumed role of the cerebellum in memory! Explore the different scenarios where memory is involved and see if you can identify the specific functions of the cerebellum. From storing explicit memories to recognizing shapes and colors, this quiz covers it all. Challenge yourself and see how well you understand the role of the cerebellum in memory formation.

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