Biopsychology Chapter 1
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following research designs can establish cause and effect relationships?

  • Quasiexperimental studies
  • Case studies
  • Experiments (correct)
  • Nonexperiments

    • What type of research focuses on acquiring knowledge and is driven by the curiosity of the researcher?

  • Translational research
  • Pure research (correct)
  • Applied research
  • Descriptive research

    • What is a limitation of quasiexperimental studies?

  • Lack of controlled variables
  • Difficulty in establishing cause and effect relationships
  • Self-selected subjects
  • All of the above (correct)

    • What is the focus of physiological psychology?

    <p>Direct manipulation of nervous system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of applied research?

    <p>To provide a direct benefit to humankind (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of psychopharmacology?

    <p>Manipulation of nervous system through pharmacological means (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of research design is used when conditions are rare?

    <p>Case studies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of research combines pure research with practical applications?

    <p>Translational research (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of neuropsychology?

    <p>The psychological effects of brain dysfunction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is measured in psychophysiology to understand psychological processes?

    <p>Muscle tension, eye movement, pupil dilation, and electrical conductance of the skin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the youngest division of biopsychology?

    <p>Cognitive Neuroscience (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method used in cognitive neuroscience?

    <p>Functional brain imaging (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is visual tracking used to study in psychophysiology?

    <p>Eye movement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of cognitive neuroscience?

    <p>The neural basis of cognitive processes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is used to measure neural activity in functional brain imaging?

    <p>Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of psychophysiology?

    <p>The relation between physiological activity and psychological processes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of biopsychology as a field of neuroscience?

    <p>The study of the structure and function of the brain and nervous system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a learning objective of Chapter 1?

    <p>Describe the methods of neuroimaging (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between pure and applied research?

    <p>Pure research focuses on understanding a phenomenon, while applied research focuses on solving a problem (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which division of biopsychology is concerned with the study of the effects of drugs on behavior and mental processes?

    <p>Psychopharmacology (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the use of multiple research methods to study a phenomenon, as in the study of Korsakoff’s syndrome?

    <p>Converging operations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a case study?

    <p>An in-depth study of a single individual with a rare condition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of comparative psychology?

    <p>The study of behavior and mental processes in nonhuman animals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of a well-designed experiment?

    <p>The ability to establish cause-and-effect relationships (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of Moniz's research with chimpanzees?

    <p>It led to the development of a new surgical procedure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what year did Moniz win the Nobel Prize?

    <p>1949 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of the reports of success with prefrontal lobotomy?

    <p>It was freely applied to humans. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the procedure shown in Figure 1.10?

    <p>Transorbital Lobotomy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who developed the prefrontal lobotomy procedure with Moniz?

    <p>Lima (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the person who underwent prefrontal lobotomy?

    <p>Howard Dully (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What area of the brain is affected by prefrontal lobotomy?

    <p>Prefrontal lobe (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the figure that shows the regions affected by prefrontal lobotomy?

    <p>Figure 1.8 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of comparative psychology?

    <p>Both laboratory and ethological studies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason biopsychologists must collaborate to ask good questions?

    <p>Each area has a weakness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of making progress in understanding the brain by using different approaches?

    <p>Converging operations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do scientists use scientific inference to study the brain?

    <p>Because brain activity is not directly observable (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of critical thinking in biopsychology?

    <p>To identify weaknesses in arguments (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle that dictates a simpler explanation should be supported, as in the case of José Delgado's experiment?

    <p>Morgan's Canon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of José Delgado's experiment with the bull?

    <p>The bull stopped charging (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of Figure 1.7?

    <p>The perception of motion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an advantage of studying human subjects in research?

    <p>They can follow directions and report subjective experiences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do researchers study nonhuman subjects in biopsychology?

    <p>Because they have a simpler nervous system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern with regards to ethical constraints in biopsychological research?

    <p>ALL biopsychological research is regulated by independent committees (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of evolutionary continuity in the study of the brain?

    <p>It shows that brain function is consistent across species (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an advantage of studying nonhuman subjects in biopsychology in terms of ethics?

    <p>There are fewer ethical constraints (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major limitation of quasi-experimental design?

    <p>It cannot control for confounding variables. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern with case studies?

    <p>They lack generalizability. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a case study?

    <p>The story of Jimmie G, a patient with Korsakoff's syndrome. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might researchers use quasi-experimental design?

    <p>Because it allows for the study of real-world situations where controlled experiments are not possible. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between experimental and quasi-experimental design?

    <p>Experimental design can establish cause-and-effect relationships, while quasi-experimental design cannot. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an advantage of using experimental design?

    <p>It can establish cause-and-effect relationships. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of an experiment in biopsychological research?

    <p>To determine the relationship between the independent and dependent variables (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a confounded variable in an experiment?

    <p>A variable that is unintentionally influencing the dependent variable (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of experimental design?

    <p>It requires controlled conditions, which may not reflect real-world situations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might researchers use case studies?

    <p>Because they allow for the study of rare conditions or events. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between a between-subjects design and a within-subjects design?

    <p>Whether the same or different subjects are used in each treatment condition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to keep all conditions constant in an experiment?

    <p>To ensure that the only thing that varies between treatment conditions is the independent variable (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the experimenter in an experiment?

    <p>To manipulate the independent variable (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of using an experiment in biopsychological research?

    <p>It allows for the establishment of cause-and-effect relationships (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the independent variable in an experiment?

    <p>To produce the different treatment conditions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dependent variable in an experiment?

    <p>The variable that is being measured (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which division of biopsychology focuses on the study of brain-behavior relationships through direct manipulation of the nervous system?

    <p>Physiological Psychology (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of researchers in Psychopharmacology?

    <p>To study the effects of drugs on behavior and neural activity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which division of biopsychology does not use experimentation as a research method?

    <p>Neuropsychology (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary measure of brain activity used in Psychophysiology?

    <p>Electroencephalogram (EEG) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of cognitive neuroscience?

    <p>The neural basis of cognitive processes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of researchers in Neuropsychology?

    <p>Examining behavioral deficits in humans with brain damage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the use of multiple research methods to study a phenomenon?

    <p>Converging operations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which division of biopsychology is most concerned with practical applications?

    <p>Neuropsychology (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which division of biopsychology is concerned with the study of the biology of behavior?

    <p>Comparative psychology (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using human subjects in Psychophysiology?

    <p>It allows for the study of psychological processes in a more naturalistic setting (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between Physiological Psychology and Psychopharmacology?

    <p>The type of manipulations used to study brain-behavior relationships (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of researchers from different divisions of biopsychology collaborating with each other?

    <p>To provide a more complete understanding of biopsychological issues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of researchers who study the neural basis of cognitive processes?

    <p>The neural basis of cognitive processes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the study of Jimmie G's profound memory deficit?

    <p>It shows the value of using multiple research methods to solve a problem (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of researchers who study animals in their natural environment?

    <p>The biology of behavior (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle that guides researchers to use multiple research methods to study a phenomenon?

    <p>The principle of converging operations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Biopsychology: Definition and Origins

    • Biopsychology is the study of the biological basis of behavior and mental processes.
    • The field of biopsychology originated from the integration of psychology, biology, and neuroscience.

    Fields of Neuroscience Relevant to Biopsychology

    • Six fields of neuroscience are particularly relevant to biopsychological inquiry:
      • Physiological psychology
      • Psychopharmacology
      • Neuropsychology
      • Psychophysiology
      • Cognitive neuroscience
      • Comparative psychology

    Research Methods in Biopsychology

    • Experiments: used to establish cause-and-effect relationships, can be between-subjects or within-subjects designs, and involve independent and dependent variables.
    • Quasi-experimental studies: used when controlled experiments are impossible, involve self-selected subjects, and can't control confounding variables.
    • Case studies: used to study rare conditions, involve single-subject design, and have questionable generalizability.

    Pure and Applied Research

    • Pure research: driven by the curiosity of the researcher, focuses on acquiring knowledge, and has no direct practical application.
    • Applied research: aims to provide a direct benefit to humanity, involves translating pure research into practical applications.

    Divisions of Biopsychology

    • Physiological psychology: focuses on the direct manipulation of the nervous system, mostly uses animal subjects, and conducts pure research in a laboratory setting.
    • Psychopharmacology: focuses on the manipulation of the nervous system using pharmacological methods, studies the effects of drugs on behavior, and conducts both pure and applied research.
    • Neuropsychology: focuses on the psychological effects of brain dysfunction, uses case studies and quasi-experimental designs, and conducts applied research.
    • Psychophysiology: focuses on the relation between physiological activity and psychological processes, uses non-invasive recordings from humans, and conducts pure research.
    • Cognitive neuroscience: focuses on the neural basis of cognitive processes, uses non-invasive functional brain imaging, and conducts interdisciplinary research.
    • Comparative psychology: adopts comparative and functional approaches, includes both laboratory and ethological studies, and involves evolutionary psychology and behavioral genetics.

    Converging Operations

    • Converging operations: involves collaboration between different areas of biopsychology to ask good questions, compensates for the shortcomings of individual approaches, and leads to progress in understanding the biological basis of behavior.

    Scientific Inference

    • Scientific inference: involves making conclusions about the unobservable workings of the brain based on the effects of processes on behavior.
    • Brain activity is not directly observable, so scientists study the effects of processes to make inferences about brain function.

    Critical Thinking in Biopsychology

    • Critical thinking: involves identifying weaknesses in arguments and claims, and considering alternative explanations.
    • Examples from the history of biopsychology serve as illustrations of the importance of critical thinking.

    Research with Human Subjects

    • Human subjects can follow directions and report subjective experiences
    • Studying humans is often less expensive
    • Humans have a more complex brain, which can be an advantage in research

    Research with Nonhuman Subjects

    • Nonhuman subjects have a simpler nervous system, making research easier
    • Studying various species allows for a comparative approach
    • There are fewer ethical constraints when working with nonhuman subjects
    • Research with nonhuman subjects can provide insights into brain function due to evolutionary continuity
    • Brain function is similar across species, with differences mainly in size and cortical development
    • Biopsychological research with both humans and nonhumans is regulated by independent committees that follow strict ethical guidelines

    Experiments

    • Experiments are used to determine how experimental manipulations affect behavior.
    • Experiments involve two or more treatment conditions with different groups of subjects (between-subjects design) or the same group of subjects (within-subjects design).
    • The independent variable is set by the experimenter and is the manipulation that produces different treatment conditions.
    • The dependent variable is what the experimenter measures, which is the response by the subject following the experimental manipulation.
    • The goal of an experiment is to keep all conditions constant except for the independent variable to measure its effect on the dependent variable.

    Limitations of Experiments

    • Unintended differences between treatment groups (confounded variables) can influence the dependent variable, making it difficult to determine cause.
    • Confounded variables make it challenging to conclude that the independent variable caused the effect.

    Nonexperimental Studies

    • Nonexperimental studies are used when controlled experiments are impossible or unethical.
    • Quasiexperimental design examines subjects in real-world situations who are "self-selected" for the research based on a specific condition.
    • Quasiexperimental design cannot control for confounding variables and cannot establish direct causal relationships.

    Case Studies

    • Case studies are scientific studies conducted on a single subject.
    • The main problem with case studies is their limited generalizability, meaning research findings are limited in their applicability to the population in general.

    Divisions of Biopsychology

    • Six divisions of biopsychology take different approaches to studying brain-behavior relationships
    • These divisions often overlap, and researchers may use multiple approaches to answer research questions

    Physiological Psychology

    • Studies brain-behavior relationships through direct manipulation of the nervous system
    • Techniques include lesion techniques and invasive recording of brain activity
    • Focuses on pure research, often using laboratory animals as subjects

    Psychopharmacology

    • Similar to Physiological Psychology, but focuses on pharmacological manipulations of the nervous system
    • Explores how drugs affect behavior and neural activity
    • Research can be pure or applied, focusing on drug abuse and therapeutic drugs

    Neuropsychology

    • Studies behavioral deficits in humans with brain damage, typically cortical damage
    • Most applied of the six divisions, using case studies and quasi-experimental studies
    • Research focuses on diagnosis, treatment, and lifestyle counseling

    Psychophysiology

    • Examines the relationship between physiology and psychological processes
    • Uses human subjects, with non-invasive techniques such as EEG, muscle tension, and heart rate
    • Measures brain activity and other physiological processes

    Cognitive Neuroscience

    • Focuses on the neural basis of cognitive processes like learning, attention, and perception
    • Often uses human subjects, non-invasive techniques like fMRI, and collaborations with other divisions
    • Currently the most active division of biopsychology

    Comparative Psychology

    • Examines the biology of behavior, using comparative and functional approaches
    • Conducts research in laboratories and natural environments (ethology)
    • Incorporates evolutionary psychology and behavioral genetics, using comparative analysis

    Converging Operations

    • Using multiple approaches to solve a problem yields the greatest progress
    • Example: Jimmie G.'s Korsakoff's syndrome diagnosis, which was initially thought to be caused by alcohol toxicity
    • Converging lines of research revealed the true cause to be a thiamine deficiency

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