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Biopsychology Eleventh Edition Chapter 1 Biopsychology as a Neuroscience: What Is Biopsychology,...
Biopsychology Eleventh Edition Chapter 1 Biopsychology as a Neuroscience: What Is Biopsychology, Anyway? Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Learning Objectives (1 of 3) 1.1 Define and discuss what is meant by biopsychology. 1.2 Discuss the origins of the field of biopsychology. 1.3 List the six fields of neuroscience that are particularly relevant to biopsychological inquiry. 1.4 Compare the advantages and disadvantages of humans and nonhumans as subjects in biopsychological research 1.5 Compare experiments, quasiexperimental studies, and case studies, emphasizing their utility in the study of causal effects. Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Learning Objectives (2 of 3) 1.6 Compare pure and applied research. 1.7 Describe the division of biopsychology known as physiological psychology. 1.8 Describe the division of biopsychology known as psychopharmacology. 1.9 Describe the division of biopsychology known as neuropsychology. 1.10 Describe the division of biopsychology known as psychophysiology. Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Learning Objectives (3 of 3) 1.11 Describe the division of biopsychology known as cognitive neuroscience. 1.12 Describe the division of biopsychology known as comparative psychology. 1.13 Explain how converging operations has contributed to the study of Korsakoff’s syndrome. 1.14 Explain scientific inference with reference to research on eye movements and the visual perception of motion. 1.15 Define critical thinking and evaluate biopsychological claims. Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Chalk It Up! Four Themes of the Text Click on the screenshot to view this video. Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Defining Biopsychology Biopsychology is the scientific study of the biology of behavior Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved What Are the Origins of Biopsychology? Developed as a discipline in early 20th century Hebb’s The Organization of Behavior (1949) Biopsychologists employ a variety of methods A young science Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved How Is Biopsychology Related to Other Disciplines of Neuroscience? Neuroanatomy Neurochemistry Neuroendocrinology Neuropathology Neuropharmacology Neurophysiology Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Ethics of Animal Research Click on the screenshot to view this video. Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Human and Nonhuman Subjects Human and nonhuman subjects – Advantages of humans ▪Follow directions ▪Report subjective experience ▪Less expensive ▪Human brain – Advantages of nonhuman subjects ▪Simpler nervous systems ▪Comparative approach ▪Fewer ethical constraints Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Basics of Scientific Research Models Click on the screenshot to view this video. Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Experiments and Nonexperiments (1 of 3) Experiments – Can establish cause and effect relationships – Between-subjects design – Within-subjects design – Independent variables – Dependent variables – Confounding variables Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Experiments and Nonexperiments (2 of 3) Quasiexperimental studies – Used when controlled experiments are impossible – Self-selected subjects – Can’t control confounds Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Experiments and Nonexperiments (3 of 3) Case studies – Used when conditions are rare – Single-subject design – Questionable generalizability Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Pure and Applied Research Pure research – Curiosity of the researcher – Focus on acquiring knowledge Applied research – Some direct benefit to humankind – Translational: Pure research into applications Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 1.4 Six Divisions of Biopsychology Figure 1.4 The six major divisions of biopsychology Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Physiological Psychology Direct manipulation of nervous system Mostly animal subjects Laboratory setting Focus on pure research Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Psychopharmacology Manipulation of nervous system pharmacologically Focuses on drug effects on behavior Drug effects change neural activity Conduct both pure and applied research Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Neuropsychology Focuses on psychological effects of brain dysfunction Uses case studies and quasiexperimental designs Applied research Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Psychophysiology Focuses on relation between physiological activity and psychological processes Uses noninvasive recordings from humans – Muscle tension – Eye movement – Pupil dilation – Electrical conductance of the skin Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 1.5 Psychophysiology and Visual Tracking Figure 1.5 Visual tracking of a pendulum by a healthy control participant (top) and three participants with schizophrenia (adapted from Iacono & Koenig, 1983.) Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Cognitive Neuroscience Youngest division of biopsychology Neural basis of cognitive processes – Learning and memory – Attention – Perceptual processes Noninvasive functional brain imaging Interdisciplinary collaboration Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 1.6 Functional Brain Imaging Figure 1.6 Functional brain imaging is the major method of cognitive neuroscience. This image—taken from the top of the head with the participant lying on her back—reveals the locations of high levels of neural activity at one level of the brain as the participant viewed a flashing light. The red and yellow areas indicate high levels of activity in the visual cortex at the back of the brain. (Courtesy of Dr. Todd Handy, Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia.) Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Comparative Psychology Adopts comparative and functional approaches Both laboratory and ethological studies Includes evolutionary psychology and behavioral genetics Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Converging Operations: How Do Biopsychologists Work Together? Each area has a weakness Must collaborate to ask good questions Converging operations – Progress made using different approaches – Each compensates for the shortcomings of others Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Scientific Inference: How Do Biopsychologists Study the Unobverservable Workings of the Brain? Science is empirical Brain activity is not observable Scientists look at the effects of processes – Scientific Inference Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 1.7 Perception of Motion Figure 1.7 The perception of motion under four different conditions Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Thinking Critically about Biopsychological Claims Critical thinking identifies weaknesses in arguments Claims from the history of biopsychology serve as examples Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved José Delgado and the Bull José Delgado faced a large, angry bull Delivered an electrical stimulation when bull charged This stopped the charge Delgado claimed he found caudate taming center Morgan’s Canon dictates a simpler explanation should be supported Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Two Chimpanzees, Moniz, and the Prefrontal Lobotomy Moniz wins Nobel Prize in 1949 Based on research with chimpanzees Following reports of success, lobotomy freely applied to humans The case of Howard Dully Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 1.8 Regions Affected by Prefrontal Lobotomy Figure 1.8 The right and left prefrontal lobes, whose connections to the rest of the brain are disrupted by prefrontal lobotomy. Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 1.9 Prefrontal Lobotomy (Moniz and Lima) Figure 1.9 The prefrontal lobotomy procedure developed by Moniz and Lima. Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 1.10 Transorbital Prefrontal Lobotomy Figure 1.10 The transorbital procedure for performing prefrontal lobotomy. Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved This work is protected by United States Copyright copyright laws and is provided solely for the use of instructors in teaching their courses and assessing student learning. Dissemination or sale of any part of this work (including on the World Wide Web) will destroy the integrity of the work and is not permitted. The work and materials from it should never be made available to students except by instructors using the accompanying text in their classes. All recipients of this work are expected to abide by these restrictions and to honor the intended pedagogical purposes and the needs of other instructors who rely on these materials. Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
