Biomolecules Unit 1 Review

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of carbohydrates in organisms?

Long-term energy storage

Insulation of cells

Short-term energy storage and structural support (correct)

Genetic information storage

Which of the following biomolecules contains nitrogen as one of its elemental components?

Polysaccharides

Lipids

Carbohydrates

Proteins (correct)

What type of biomolecule is primarily responsible for facilitating chemical reactions in the body?

Enzymes (correct)

Nucleic acids

Fats

Carbohydrates

Which of the following is a primary function of lipids?

Storing long-term energy and providing insulation Signup and view all the answers

What are nucleotides the building blocks of?

Nucleic acids Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant effect of maintaining homeostasis at the cellular level?

Stabilization of internal conditions Signup and view all the answers

How do specialized parts of a cell work together to support transport of molecules?

By facilitating communication between organelles Signup and view all the answers

How does the presence of enzymes in cells affect metabolic processes?

Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of DNA replication in the growth of organisms?

It ensures the genetic information is accurately passed to daughter cells. Signup and view all the answers

Which process directly results from the order of nucleotides in a gene?

Protein synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What effect do environmental factors have on gene expression?

They can induce or suppress gene expression, affecting cell specialization. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes how stem cells differentiate into specialized cells?

By expressing tissue-specific proteins in response to signals. Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of uncontrolled cell growth?

Development of cancer Signup and view all the answers

Which process occurs first in the cell cycle leading to cell division?

DNA replication Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of cellular respiration is the majority of ATP generated?

Electron Transport Chain Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the relationship between genes and traits?

The sequence of nitrogenous bases in genes determines the traits of an organism. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Benchmark Review 12/18/24

The date of the benchmark review is 12/18/24.

Unit 1: Biomolecules

Biomolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids) create specific structures and functions in cells.
Key questions include: How does cell structure result from biomolecule function? How does cell function result from biomolecule function?

Biomolecule Types

Carbohydrates:
Elements: CHO
Monomer: Monosaccharide
Polymer: Disaccharide, Polysaccharide
Functions: Short-term energy storage, structural support
Examples: Glucose, sucrose, glycogen, starch
Lipids:
Elements: CHO
Monomer: Fatty acids and glycerol
Polymer: Polysaccharide
Functions: Long-term energy storage, insulation
Examples: Olive oil, Crisco, Fats, oils, steroids
Proteins:
Elements: CHON
Monomer: Amino Acid
Polymer: Polypeptide
Functions: Enzymes, muscle movement, transport
Examples: RNA Polymerase
Nucleic Acids:
Elements: CHONPS
Monomer: Nucleotide
Polymer: Nucleic acid
Functions: Storing genetic information
Examples: DNA and RNA

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

Prokaryotes:
Simple, unicellular organisms
Lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
Circular DNA
Examples include bacteria and archaea
Eukaryotes:
Complex, multicellular organisms
Contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
Linear DNA
Examples include animals and plants

Cell Structures and Functions

Plasmodesmata: Channels connecting plant cells
Cell Wall: Maintains cell shape in plant cells
Plasma Membrane: Outer boundary of the cell
Cytoplasm: The region within the plasma membrane
Central Vacuole: Stores cell sap and maintains pressure
Cytoskeleton: Made of microtubules and microfilaments and plays a role in maintaining cell shape and movement.
Nucleus: Contains chromatin, a nuclear envelope, and a nucleolus (in animal cells)
Ribosomes: Involved in protein synthesis
Golgi Apparatus: Modifies and packages proteins
Peroxisome: Metabolizes waste
Mitochondria: Produce energy
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Rough ER is associated with ribosomes, smooth ER produces lipids
Chloroplasts: Site of photosynthesis in plant cells
Plastids: Store pigments in plant cells
Lysosomes: Digest food and waste materials
Vacuoles: Storage compartments in plant and animal cells

Enzymes and Function

Enzymes speed up chemical reactions in the body.
They control processes such as digestion and muscle growth, and are essential for maintaining bodily functions and homeostasis.
Enzymes work by binding to substrates to form enzyme-substrate complexes, breaking bonds between substrate molecules and thus speeding up the reaction.

Cell Theory

All organisms consist of one or more cells.
Cells arise from pre-existing cells.
Cells are the basic structural and functional units of life

Unit 2: Cellular Processes

Substances move in and out of cells through the cell membrane to maintain homeostasis.
Key questions include: Why is homeostasis important at the cellular level? How do changing conditions impact homeostasis? How do cell parts work together to transport molecules?

Homeostasis

Homeostasis is the balance and stability that our body maintains to function properly.
It's like an internal "autopilot" that regulates variables such as body temperature, blood sugar level, and pH.

Phospholipid Bilayer

The cell membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer.
This bilayer consists of two layers of phospholipids, with the hydrophilic heads facing outward and the hydrophobic tails facing inward.

Transport

Passive Transport:
Diffusion: Movement of substances down a concentration gradient (high to low concentration)
Examples: Oxygen, Carbon dioxide
Facilitated Diffusion: Passive transport aided by transport proteins
Active Transport:
Movement of substances against a concentration gradient (low to high concentration) using energy (ATP)
Examples: Sodium-potassium pump, glucose uptake.

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

Photosynthesis:
Plants take in CO2 and release O2
Converts light energy into chemical energy
Cellular Respiration:
Organisms take in O2 and release CO2
Converts chemical energy into usable energy for life processes

Unit 3: DNA Structure and Cell Cycle

Cell division is the basis of growth in multicellular organisms.
Key questions include: How important is DNA replication for organism growth? What is each stage of the cell cycle important for? What can disrupt the cell cycle?

DNA Structure

DNA is a double-helix structure made of nucleotides (sugar, phosphate, and base)
Complementary base pairing (A-T, C-G)
DNA holds the genetic code to create proteins

The Cell Cycle

Interphase: The cell grows and replicates its DNA
G1: Cell growth.
S: DNA synthesis.
G2: More growth and preparation for mitosis.
Mitosis: The cell divides its DNA and cytoplasm
Mitosis Stages:
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis: Final stage of cell division, splitting the cell membrane

Mitosis

A process of somatic cell division
Stages are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, resulting in two identical (diploid) daughter cells.

Cancer

Uncontrolled cell growth

Unit 4: Role of Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis

The sequence of nitrogenous bases in genes determines traits.
Protein synthesis creates proteins from DNA and RNA.
Key questions include: How does the order of nucleotides determine a trait? What are the structures and processes of transcription? What are the structures and processes of translation?

Protein Synthesis

The process of creating proteins from DNA instructions

Transcription

The process of copying DNA instructions into RNA

Translation

The process of using RNA instructions to build proteins

Unit 5: Gene Expression

Genes are expressed in response to internal or environmental factors, affecting cell differentiation.
Key questions include: How does gene expression lead to cell differentiation and specialization? What role do environmental factors play in cell differentiation?

Cell Differentiation

Cells become specialized through the expression of proteins

Unit 6: Genetics

Overarching Understandings: Scientific investigations reveal patterns connecting phenomena used to design solutions; systems' functions depend on parts and interdependence.
Key Questions include: How is a pattern identified? What relationships occur between patterns and predictions? How are the patterns used to make sense of phenomena and to justify claims? How do parts of a system depend on each other? How do parts work together?

Types of Inheritance

Monohybrid Crosses: Inheritance of a single trait
Dihybrid Crosses: Inheritance of two traits
Incomplete Dominance: Heterozygous phenotype is a blend
Codominance: Both alleles show in the heterozygous phenotype
X-linked Traits: Gene carried on the X chromosome, males are more susceptible
Pedigree Analysis: Charting inheritance patterns across generations to track traits

Mutations

Alterations in DNA sequences; can be substitutions, insertions, or deletions. These changes can impact protein synthesis and thus cellular function and phenotypes.

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Description

This quiz covers the foundational concepts of biomolecules, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Learn about their structures, functions, and importance in cellular activities. Key questions will explore how these biomolecules contribute to cell function and structure.