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Questions and Answers
What role does transduction play in cellular communication?
What role does transduction play in cellular communication?
What distinguishes the endocrine system from the exocrine system?
What distinguishes the endocrine system from the exocrine system?
What does the term 'complementary' refer to in the context of DNA?
What does the term 'complementary' refer to in the context of DNA?
What defines an intron in eukaryotic DNA transcription?
What defines an intron in eukaryotic DNA transcription?
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What is telomerase commonly known for?
What is telomerase commonly known for?
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What does the term 'cap' refer to in molecular biology?
What does the term 'cap' refer to in molecular biology?
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What is the significance of Okazaki fragments?
What is the significance of Okazaki fragments?
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What characteristic does adenine possess regarding its bonding?
What characteristic does adenine possess regarding its bonding?
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Which term refers to a common type of social gathering meant as a celebration?
Which term refers to a common type of social gathering meant as a celebration?
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What is the main function of a Golgi apparatus in a cell?
What is the main function of a Golgi apparatus in a cell?
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What does the term 'telomere' refer to in genetics?
What does the term 'telomere' refer to in genetics?
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Which molecule is known as the primary neurotransmitter for muscle activation?
Which molecule is known as the primary neurotransmitter for muscle activation?
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What role does helicase play in DNA replication?
What role does helicase play in DNA replication?
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Which process describes the addition of an acetyl group to a molecule?
Which process describes the addition of an acetyl group to a molecule?
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Which term describes the principle of species competing for limited resources in an ecosystem?
Which term describes the principle of species competing for limited resources in an ecosystem?
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What is a primary characteristic of a pyrimidine?
What is a primary characteristic of a pyrimidine?
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Study Notes
Proteins
- Cellular hardware.
Exons
- Coding sequences within RNA.
Transduction
- Series of pathways triggered by receptor cell signal, resulting in a response.
Endocrine System
- Uses circulatory system for signal transport.
Autocrine Signaling
- Self-signaling within a cell.
Antagonist
- Molecule opposing the action of another. Involved in both disease and treatment.
Antibody
- Immune system protein that binds to specific antigens.
Hayflick Limit
- The number of times a normal human cell population will divide before cell division stops.
Telomerase
- Enzyme that adds telomeres to DNA, potentially extending cell lifespan.
Complementary Base Pairing
- Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T), and Guanine (G) pairs with Cytosine (C) in DNA.
Okazaki Fragments
- Short DNA sequences synthesized discontinuously during DNA replication.
TATA Box
- DNA sequence crucial for transcription initiation.
Capping
- Modification of mRNA's 5' end, protecting it from degradation.
Introns
- Non-coding sequences within RNA, removed during splicing.
Svedberg Unit
- Unit measuring sedimentation coefficient (related to size and shape) of molecules.
Rho Protein
- Involved in transcription termination.
Pollen
- Allergen causing allergic reactions in sensitive individuals.
Mule
- Hybrid offspring of a donkey and a horse.
Helix
- Spiral structure; found in DNA and proteins.
Polymerase
- Enzyme that synthesizes DNA or RNA.
Termination
- End of a process, such as transcription or translation.
Adenine
- Purine base in DNA and RNA.
Histamine
- Vasoactive amine involved in immune responses and allergic reactions.
Deoxyribose
- Sugar component of DNA.
Potassium
- Electrolyte vital for nerve and muscle function.
Partial Pressure
- The pressure exerted by a specific gas in a mixture.
HAT (Histone Acetyltransferase)
- Enzyme that adds acetyl groups to histones, altering gene expression.
Adenine
- Base pairing with Uracil (U) in RNA.
Competitive Inhibition
- Inhibition that can be overcome by increasing substrate concentration. Applies to enzyme kinetics and ecology.
Beta Sheet
- Secondary protein structure.
Tertiary Structure
- Three-dimensional folding of a polypeptide chain.
Polysome
- Multiple ribosomes translating a single mRNA molecule.
VAMP (vesicle-associated membrane protein)
- Membrane protein mediating vesicle fusion.
Ultracentrifuge
- Device for separating particles based on size and density.
CHAT (choline acetyltransferase)
- Enzyme synthesizing acetylcholine.
Gap Junctions
- Cell-cell communication channels.
Fusion
- Joining of atomic nuclei.
Ergosome
- Hypothetical structure mediating protein synthesis.
mRNA (messenger RNA)
- Carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes.
Enhancer
- DNA sequence that increases gene transcription.
Helicase
- Enzyme that unwinds DNA during replication.
Messenger RNA
- RNA molecule carrying genetic information for protein synthesis.
Tertiary Structure
- Complex 3D arrangement of a protein.
OCAT (ornithine carbamoyltransferase)
- Enzyme involved in urea cycle.
Pyrimidine
- Nitrogenous base with a single ring structure.
Golgi Apparatus
- Organelle modifying and packaging proteins.
Helix
- Spiral structure, found in DNA and proteins.
Ribosome
- Cellular machinery synthesizing proteins.
Neurotransmitter
- Chemical messenger at synapses.
UGA (UAG, UAA)
- Stop codon in mRNA.
Dimer
- Molecule composed of two identical subunits.
Reception
- Process of receiving a signal or stimulus.
Acetylation
- Addition of acetyl group to a molecule, typically a protein, often altering function.
Mule
- Hybrid offspring of a donkey and a horse.
Acetylcholine
- Neurotransmitter at neuromuscular junctions; signals often release 'Ach'.
Topoisomerase
- Enzyme altering DNA topology.
Affinity
- Binding strength between two molecules.
AP (action potential)
- Brief electrical signal in neurons.
HAT (Histone Acetyltransferase)
- Enzyme that acetylates histones, affecting gene expression.
UPR (unfolded protein response)
- Cellular response to misfolded proteins.
Adenylyl Cyclase
- Enzyme that synthesizes cAMP.
Ulcers
- Lesions in the lining of the digestive tract.
Telomere
- Repetitive DNA sequences at the ends of chromosomes.
Splicing
- Process of removing introns from pre-mRNA.
Svedberg Unit
- Unit of sedimentation coefficient.
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Description
Test your knowledge on key concepts related to proteins and molecular genetics. This quiz covers topics such as cellular mechanisms, signaling pathways, and DNA structure, which are essential for understanding biology at a cellular level. Ideal for students in advanced biology courses.
