Biology Proteins and Molecular Genetics
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Questions and Answers

What role does transduction play in cellular communication?

  • It initiates a response after a signal is received. (correct)
  • It triggers receptor cell death.
  • It enhances the degradation of messenger molecules.
  • It transports signals between endocrine glands.

    • What distinguishes the endocrine system from the exocrine system?

  • Exocrine systems primarily release hormones.
  • Endocrine systems transport signals via the circulatory system. (correct)
  • Endocrine uses the nervous system for signal transport.
  • Exocrine systems release signals into the bloodstream.

    • What does the term 'complementary' refer to in the context of DNA?

  • The relationship between exons and introns.
  • The pairing of nitrogenous bases in DNA. (correct)
  • The interaction between RNA molecules.
  • The ability of proteins to bond with lipids.

    • What defines an intron in eukaryotic DNA transcription?

    <p>Unwanted DNA segments removed during RNA processing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is telomerase commonly known for?

    <p>Acting as an enzyme that maintains telomere length.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'cap' refer to in molecular biology?

    <p>A modification that protects RNA from degradation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Okazaki fragments?

    <p>They are short segments synthesized on the lagging strand of DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic does adenine possess regarding its bonding?

    <p>It has an unequal number of rings compared to its bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to a common type of social gathering meant as a celebration?

    <p>Reception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of a Golgi apparatus in a cell?

    <p>Responsible for internal transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'telomere' refer to in genetics?

    <p>The protective end of a chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule is known as the primary neurotransmitter for muscle activation?

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does helicase play in DNA replication?

    <p>It unzips the DNA double helix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process describes the addition of an acetyl group to a molecule?

    <p>Acetylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the principle of species competing for limited resources in an ecosystem?

    <p>Competitive Exclusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of a pyrimidine?

    <p>Pointy and sharp structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Proteins

    • Cellular hardware.

    Exons

    • Coding sequences within RNA.

    Transduction

    • Series of pathways triggered by receptor cell signal, resulting in a response.

    Endocrine System

    • Uses circulatory system for signal transport.

    Autocrine Signaling

    • Self-signaling within a cell.

    Antagonist

    • Molecule opposing the action of another. Involved in both disease and treatment.

    Antibody

    • Immune system protein that binds to specific antigens.

    Hayflick Limit

    • The number of times a normal human cell population will divide before cell division stops.

    Telomerase

    • Enzyme that adds telomeres to DNA, potentially extending cell lifespan.

    Complementary Base Pairing

    • Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T), and Guanine (G) pairs with Cytosine (C) in DNA.

    Okazaki Fragments

    • Short DNA sequences synthesized discontinuously during DNA replication.

    TATA Box

    • DNA sequence crucial for transcription initiation.

    Capping

    • Modification of mRNA's 5' end, protecting it from degradation.

    Introns

    • Non-coding sequences within RNA, removed during splicing.

    Svedberg Unit

    • Unit measuring sedimentation coefficient (related to size and shape) of molecules.

    Rho Protein

    • Involved in transcription termination.

    Pollen

    • Allergen causing allergic reactions in sensitive individuals.

    Mule

    • Hybrid offspring of a donkey and a horse.

    Helix

    • Spiral structure; found in DNA and proteins.

    Polymerase

    • Enzyme that synthesizes DNA or RNA.

    Termination

    • End of a process, such as transcription or translation.

    Adenine

    • Purine base in DNA and RNA.

    Histamine

    • Vasoactive amine involved in immune responses and allergic reactions.

    Deoxyribose

    • Sugar component of DNA.

    Potassium

    • Electrolyte vital for nerve and muscle function.

    Partial Pressure

    • The pressure exerted by a specific gas in a mixture.

    HAT (Histone Acetyltransferase)

    • Enzyme that adds acetyl groups to histones, altering gene expression.

    Adenine

    • Base pairing with Uracil (U) in RNA.

    Competitive Inhibition

    • Inhibition that can be overcome by increasing substrate concentration. Applies to enzyme kinetics and ecology.

    Beta Sheet

    • Secondary protein structure.

    Tertiary Structure

    • Three-dimensional folding of a polypeptide chain.

    Polysome

    • Multiple ribosomes translating a single mRNA molecule.

    VAMP (vesicle-associated membrane protein)

    • Membrane protein mediating vesicle fusion.

    Ultracentrifuge

    • Device for separating particles based on size and density.

    CHAT (choline acetyltransferase)

    • Enzyme synthesizing acetylcholine.

    Gap Junctions

    • Cell-cell communication channels.

    Fusion

    • Joining of atomic nuclei.

    Ergosome

    • Hypothetical structure mediating protein synthesis.

    mRNA (messenger RNA)

    • Carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes.

    Enhancer

    • DNA sequence that increases gene transcription.

    Helicase

    • Enzyme that unwinds DNA during replication.

    Messenger RNA

    • RNA molecule carrying genetic information for protein synthesis.

    Tertiary Structure

    • Complex 3D arrangement of a protein.

    OCAT (ornithine carbamoyltransferase)

    • Enzyme involved in urea cycle.

    Pyrimidine

    • Nitrogenous base with a single ring structure.

    Golgi Apparatus

    • Organelle modifying and packaging proteins.

    Helix

    • Spiral structure, found in DNA and proteins.

    Ribosome

    • Cellular machinery synthesizing proteins.

    Neurotransmitter

    • Chemical messenger at synapses.

    UGA (UAG, UAA)

    • Stop codon in mRNA.

    Dimer

    • Molecule composed of two identical subunits.

    Reception

    • Process of receiving a signal or stimulus.

    Acetylation

    • Addition of acetyl group to a molecule, typically a protein, often altering function.

    Mule

    • Hybrid offspring of a donkey and a horse.

    Acetylcholine

    • Neurotransmitter at neuromuscular junctions; signals often release 'Ach'.

    Topoisomerase

    • Enzyme altering DNA topology.

    Affinity

    • Binding strength between two molecules.

    AP (action potential)

    • Brief electrical signal in neurons.

    HAT (Histone Acetyltransferase)

    • Enzyme that acetylates histones, affecting gene expression.

    UPR (unfolded protein response)

    • Cellular response to misfolded proteins.

    Adenylyl Cyclase

    • Enzyme that synthesizes cAMP.

    Ulcers

    • Lesions in the lining of the digestive tract.

    Telomere

    • Repetitive DNA sequences at the ends of chromosomes.

    Splicing

    • Process of removing introns from pre-mRNA.

    Svedberg Unit

    • Unit of sedimentation coefficient.

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    Test your knowledge on key concepts related to proteins and molecular genetics. This quiz covers topics such as cellular mechanisms, signaling pathways, and DNA structure, which are essential for understanding biology at a cellular level. Ideal for students in advanced biology courses.

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