Benchmark Review 12/18/24 PDF

Benchmark Review Benchmark 12/18/24 Unit 1: Biomolecules Understandings & Questions The function of biomolecules, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, create specific structures and functions in cells. How is cell structure a result of biomolecule function? How is c...

Benchmark Review Benchmark 12/18/24 Unit 1: Biomolecules Understandings & Questions The function of biomolecules, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, create specific structures and functions in cells. How is cell structure a result of biomolecule function? How is cell function a result of biomolecule function?  Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Elements CHO CHO CHON CHONPS Fatty acids and Monomer Monosaccharide Amino Acid Nucleotide glycerol Disaccharide Polymer Fats, oils, steroids Polypeptide Nucleic Acid Polysaccharide Short term energy Enzymes; muscle storage; structural Long term energy Storing genetic Functions movement; support in storage; insulation information transport organisms Glucose, sucrose, Examples Olive oil, Crisco RNA Polymerase DNA and RNA glycogen starch Structure Prokaryote vs. Eukaryotes Cell Structures and Functions  Enzymes and Function Enzymes help speed up chemical reactions in the body. They control everything from digesting food, to muscle growth, to blood clots. They do this by facilitating chemical reactions. Sometimes, the cells must undergo a chemical reaction to keep your body stable and functioning. Cell Theory Unit 2: Cellular Processes Understandings & Questions Different substances move in and out of the cell through the cell membrane to maintain homeostasis. Why is it important to maintain homeostasis at the cellular level? How do changing conditions inside or outside of a cell impact homeostasis? How do the specialized parts of a cell work together to transport molecules? Homeostasis Phospholipid Bilayer PASSIVE ACTIVE Types of Transport Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Cellular Respiration Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis Unit 3: DNA Structure and Cell Cycle Understandings & Questions Concepts The basis of growth in multicellular organisms is cell division. How is DNA replication important for the growth of organisms? How is each stage of the cell cycle important to the growth of organisms? What are the possible effects of disruptions in the cell cycle?  Cell Cycle Mitosis Mitosis Cancer - uncontrolled cell growth Meiosis Meiosis Unit 4: Role of Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis Understandings & Questions Concepts The sequence of nitrogenous bases in a gene determines the trait in an organism. How does the order of nucleotides determine a trait? Protein synthesis creates proteins from DNA and RNA to give organisms their traits. What are the structures and processes of transcription? What are the structures and processes of translation? Transcription and Translation Unit 5: Gene Expression Understandings & Questions Concepts Genes are expressed or not expressed in response to internal or environmental factors, and this plays a role in cell differentiation. How does gene expression lead to cell differentiation and cell specialization? What role do environmental factors play in cell differentiation?  Cell Differentiation A cell starts out as a stem cell, but through expression of proteins, the cell becomes specialized. Some examples of cell differentiation are stem cells turning into neurons, osteocytes or cardiomyocytes. All cells start from embryonic stem cells, which are undifferentiated. Through the process of embryonic development these cells start to express tissue-specific proteins and become highly specialized. DNA → RNA → Protein Mutations Mutations Unit 6: Genetics Overarching Understandings and Questions (8.5A) Scientific investigations and engineering processes reveal patterns that connect scientific phenomena and are used to design solutions. How is a pattern identified? What relationships occur between patterns and predictions? How are patterns applied to make sense of phenomena? How can patterns be applied to connect different phenomena? How are patterns used to justify claims? How are patterns applied to designing solutions? (8.5D) A system’s function is determined by its parts and their interdependence. How do the parts of a system depend on each other to work? How do the parts of a system work together? Monohybrid Crosses One allele is inherited from each parent, and the progeny are observed to determine the inheritance and expression of the trait Dihybrid Cross Use FOIL F - First O - Outside I - Inside L - Last Incomplete Dominance X-Linked Traits Pedigrees Pedigree analysis is the process of using a chart to study the genetic traits and relationships of family members to understand how genes are passed down through generations.