39 Questions
What is the main difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells in terms of their DNA structure?
Eukaryotic cells have linear DNA with histones, while prokaryotic cells have circular DNA
What is the primary function of the nucleoid in a prokaryotic cell?
To provide operating instructions for the cell
What is the term for the transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another horizontally?
Lateral gene transfer
What is the primary difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells in terms of their size?
Eukaryotic cells are larger than prokaryotic cells
What is the function of histones in eukaryotic cells?
To provide structural support to DNA
What is the term for the process by which eukaryotic cells divide?
Mitosis
What is the main function of the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?
Generating energy for the cell through cellular respiration
What is the primary function of peroxisomes in eukaryotic cells?
Oxidizing certain nutrients using molecular oxygen
What is the main function of chloroplasts in plant cells?
Conducting photosynthesis
What is the main function of the rough ER in eukaryotic cells?
Synthesizing membrane proteins and lipids
What is the main function of vacuoles in plant cells?
Storing and transporting nutrients and cellular waste products
What is the main difference between eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells?
Eukaryotic cells have extra steps
What is the approximate composition of a ribosome?
65% RNA, 35% protein
Where does metabolism occur in a prokaryotic cell?
In the cytosol/cytoplasm
What is the function of the cell wall in a prokaryotic cell?
To provide mechanical support and shape
What is the main function of the cell membrane?
To regulate the movement of molecules in and out of the cell
What is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
The presence of a nucleus
What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in a eukaryotic cell?
To modify and transport proteins and lipids
What is the main component of the cell wall in plant cells?
Cellulose fibers
What is the primary function of the cytoskeleton?
To provide structural support and shape to the cell
What is the composition of the plasma membrane in a prokaryotic cell?
45% lipid, 55% protein
What is the main function of the Golgi apparatus?
To package and process macromolecules for secretion
What is the primary difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
Eukaryotic cells have a more complex structure than prokaryotic cells
What is the function of centrioles in animal cells?
To facilitate the formation of cilia and flagella
What is the primary function of lysosomes in animal cells?
To degrade cell constituents
What is the equivalent structure of lysosomes in plant cells?
Vacuoles
Where are the hydrolytic enzymes found in lysosomes?
In the membrane-bound vesicles
What is the purpose of the waste management system in cells?
To degrade and recycle cellular waste
In which type of cells are nucleoids found?
Prokaryotes
What is the most essential element for a Milk Chocolate factory?
Workers to make the milk chocolate
Which element is crucial for the smooth operation of a Milk Chocolate factory?
Electrical power
What is the primary function of the DNA in a prokaryotic cell?
To provide operating instructions for the cell
What is the characteristic of the genomic DNA in a prokaryotic cell?
It is chromosomal-like and responsible for vertical gene transfer
What is a necessary component of a Milk Chocolate factory to ensure efficient production?
Waste management system
What is the diameter of the single, tightly coiled, circular DNA in a prokaryotic cell?
2 nm
What is essential for the distribution of milk chocolate from the factory?
Transportation and delivery systems
What is a necessary infrastructure component of a Milk Chocolate factory?
Warehouse
What is the purpose of the plasmid DNA in a prokaryotic cell?
To provide defensive responses to the cell
What is the length of the single, tightly coiled, circular DNA in a prokaryotic cell?
More than 1 mm
Study Notes
Cell Structure and Organization
- Ribosomes consist of 65% RNA and 35% protein, composed of a small and a large subunit, making a 70S ribosome, and are responsible for protein synthesis.
Prokaryotic Cells
- Have a nucleoid, a single, tightly coiled, circular DNA, providing operating instructions for the cell.
- Have ribosomes in the cytosol for protein synthesis.
- Have no membrane-bound organelles, with metabolism occurring in the cytosol.
- Have a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan (Gram-positive) or lipopolysaccharide (Gram-negative) for mechanical support, shape, and protection.
Eukaryotic Cells
- Have a nucleus, separated from the cytosol by a double membrane, storing genetic information encoded in DNA.
- Have endoplasmic reticulum (ER), a labyrinthine organelle, for synthesizing membrane proteins and lipids.
- Have mitochondria, the powerhouse of the cell, surrounded by inner and outer membranes, for energy metabolism.
- Have peroxisomes, responsible for oxidizing certain nutrients using molecular oxygen.
- Have chloroplasts (in plant cells), with a double-membrane envelope, for photosynthesis.
- Have vacuoles (in plant cells) for transport and storage of nutrients and cellular waste products.
- Have lysosomes (in animal cells), membrane-bound vesicles, for intracellular digestion of materials entering the cell.
- Have a cytoskeleton, a network of protein filaments, for determining cell shape, movement, and internal movements.
- Have a Golgi apparatus, an asymmetrical system of flattened membrane-bounded vesicles, for packaging and processing macromolecules for secretion and delivery.
Cell Similarities and Differences
- Prokaryotic cells are smaller (0.2-2.0 μm) and lack membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells are larger (10-100 μm) and have organelles.
- Eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus, while prokaryotic cells have a nucleoid.
- Prokaryotic cells divide by binary fission, while eukaryotic cells divide by mitosis.
Understand the basics of biomolecules, including the properties of water, cell structure, and organization. Learn about the composition and function of cellular organelles and the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.
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