Intro to Biomolecules

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Questions and Answers

What is the main difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells in terms of their DNA structure?

Eukaryotic cells have DNA in the nucleus, while prokaryotic cells have DNA in the cytoplasm

Eukaryotic cells have linear DNA with histones, while prokaryotic cells have circular DNA (correct)

Eukaryotic cells have circular DNA, while prokaryotic cells have linear DNA

Eukaryotic cells have single-stranded DNA, while prokaryotic cells have double-stranded DNA

What is the primary function of the nucleoid in a prokaryotic cell?

To synthesize proteins

To manage waste

To provide operating instructions for the cell (correct)

To generate electrical power

What is the term for the transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another horizontally?

Plasmid transfer

Genomic transfer

Vertical gene transfer

Lateral gene transfer (correct)

What is the primary difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells in terms of their size?

Eukaryotic cells are larger than prokaryotic cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of histones in eukaryotic cells?

To provide structural support to DNA Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which eukaryotic cells divide?

Mitosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?

Generating energy for the cell through cellular respiration Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of peroxisomes in eukaryotic cells?

Oxidizing certain nutrients using molecular oxygen Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of chloroplasts in plant cells?

Conducting photosynthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the rough ER in eukaryotic cells?

Synthesizing membrane proteins and lipids Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of vacuoles in plant cells?

Storing and transporting nutrients and cellular waste products Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells?

Eukaryotic cells have extra steps Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate composition of a ribosome?

65% RNA, 35% protein Signup and view all the answers

Where does metabolism occur in a prokaryotic cell?

In the cytosol/cytoplasm Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the cell wall in a prokaryotic cell?

To provide mechanical support and shape Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the cell membrane?

To regulate the movement of molecules in and out of the cell Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

The presence of a nucleus Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in a eukaryotic cell?

To modify and transport proteins and lipids Signup and view all the answers

What is the main component of the cell wall in plant cells?

Cellulose fibers Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cytoskeleton?

To provide structural support and shape to the cell Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of the plasma membrane in a prokaryotic cell?

45% lipid, 55% protein Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the Golgi apparatus?

To package and process macromolecules for secretion Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

Eukaryotic cells have a more complex structure than prokaryotic cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of centrioles in animal cells?

To facilitate the formation of cilia and flagella Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of lysosomes in animal cells?

To degrade cell constituents Signup and view all the answers

What is the equivalent structure of lysosomes in plant cells?

Vacuoles Signup and view all the answers

Where are the hydrolytic enzymes found in lysosomes?

In the membrane-bound vesicles Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the waste management system in cells?

To degrade and recycle cellular waste Signup and view all the answers

In which type of cells are nucleoids found?

Prokaryotes Signup and view all the answers

What is the most essential element for a Milk Chocolate factory?

Workers to make the milk chocolate Signup and view all the answers

Which element is crucial for the smooth operation of a Milk Chocolate factory?

Electrical power Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the DNA in a prokaryotic cell?

To provide operating instructions for the cell Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the genomic DNA in a prokaryotic cell?

It is chromosomal-like and responsible for vertical gene transfer Signup and view all the answers

What is a necessary component of a Milk Chocolate factory to ensure efficient production?

Waste management system Signup and view all the answers

What is the diameter of the single, tightly coiled, circular DNA in a prokaryotic cell?

2 nm Signup and view all the answers

What is essential for the distribution of milk chocolate from the factory?

Transportation and delivery systems Signup and view all the answers

What is a necessary infrastructure component of a Milk Chocolate factory?

Warehouse Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the plasmid DNA in a prokaryotic cell?

To provide defensive responses to the cell Signup and view all the answers

What is the length of the single, tightly coiled, circular DNA in a prokaryotic cell?

More than 1 mm Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cell Structure and Organization

Ribosomes consist of 65% RNA and 35% protein, composed of a small and a large subunit, making a 70S ribosome, and are responsible for protein synthesis.

Prokaryotic Cells

Have a nucleoid, a single, tightly coiled, circular DNA, providing operating instructions for the cell.
Have ribosomes in the cytosol for protein synthesis.
Have no membrane-bound organelles, with metabolism occurring in the cytosol.
Have a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan (Gram-positive) or lipopolysaccharide (Gram-negative) for mechanical support, shape, and protection.

Eukaryotic Cells

Have a nucleus, separated from the cytosol by a double membrane, storing genetic information encoded in DNA.
Have endoplasmic reticulum (ER), a labyrinthine organelle, for synthesizing membrane proteins and lipids.
Have mitochondria, the powerhouse of the cell, surrounded by inner and outer membranes, for energy metabolism.
Have peroxisomes, responsible for oxidizing certain nutrients using molecular oxygen.
Have chloroplasts (in plant cells), with a double-membrane envelope, for photosynthesis.
Have vacuoles (in plant cells) for transport and storage of nutrients and cellular waste products.
Have lysosomes (in animal cells), membrane-bound vesicles, for intracellular digestion of materials entering the cell.
Have a cytoskeleton, a network of protein filaments, for determining cell shape, movement, and internal movements.
Have a Golgi apparatus, an asymmetrical system of flattened membrane-bounded vesicles, for packaging and processing macromolecules for secretion and delivery.

Cell Similarities and Differences

Prokaryotic cells are smaller (0.2-2.0 μm) and lack membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells are larger (10-100 μm) and have organelles.
Eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus, while prokaryotic cells have a nucleoid.
Prokaryotic cells divide by binary fission, while eukaryotic cells divide by mitosis.

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Description

Understand the basics of biomolecules, including the properties of water, cell structure, and organization. Learn about the composition and function of cellular organelles and the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.