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Questions and Answers
The ____ process involves the addition, deletion, or substitution of nucleotides in a gene.
The ____ process involves the addition, deletion, or substitution of nucleotides in a gene.
mutation
The start codon is ____ and codes for the amino acid Methionine.
The start codon is ____ and codes for the amino acid Methionine.
AUG
A ______ mutation involves the replacement of one nucleotide with another.
A ______ mutation involves the replacement of one nucleotide with another.
substitution
During ______, DNA is transcribed into mRNA.
During ______, DNA is transcribed into mRNA.
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The three types of gene mutations include point mutations, ______, and chromosomal mutations.
The three types of gene mutations include point mutations, ______, and chromosomal mutations.
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In the process of translation, the ____ strand of mRNA pairs with the corresponding amino acids.
In the process of translation, the ____ strand of mRNA pairs with the corresponding amino acids.
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Stop codons like UAG, UAA, or ____ signal the termination of translation.
Stop codons like UAG, UAA, or ____ signal the termination of translation.
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Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme found in some viruses like HIV that can reverse the process of ____.
Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme found in some viruses like HIV that can reverse the process of ____.
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A point mutation involving the replacement of one nucleotide with another is called a ______ mutation.
A point mutation involving the replacement of one nucleotide with another is called a ______ mutation.
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The central dogma of molecular biology describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to ______ to protein.
The central dogma of molecular biology describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to ______ to protein.
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The process of DNA replication occurs in the ______ of a cell.
The process of DNA replication occurs in the ______ of a cell.
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During transcription, the ______ strand of DNA serves as a template for the synthesis of mRNA.
During transcription, the ______ strand of DNA serves as a template for the synthesis of mRNA.
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The process of translation involves the conversion of mRNA into a chain of ______.
The process of translation involves the conversion of mRNA into a chain of ______.
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The enzyme ______ is responsible for transcribing DNA into RNA.
The enzyme ______ is responsible for transcribing DNA into RNA.
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The ______ codon, AUG, codes for the amino acid methionine and signals the start of protein synthesis.
The ______ codon, AUG, codes for the amino acid methionine and signals the start of protein synthesis.
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The enzyme ______ is found in some viruses, such as HIV, and can reverse the process of transcription.
The enzyme ______ is found in some viruses, such as HIV, and can reverse the process of transcription.
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Study Notes
Biomolecules
- Carbohydrates are the most abundant dietary energy source, produced through hydrolysis (breaking down using water).
- Carbohydrate elements are C, H, O.
- Monosaccharides are the building blocks of carbohydrates, with the formula C6H12O6. Examples include glucose (wine sugar), galactose (milk sugar), and fructose (fruit sugar).
- Disaccharides are formed by linking two monosaccharides via a glycosidic bond. Examples include maltose (malt sugar, G+G), lactose (milk sugar, G+Ga), and sucrose (table sugar, G+F).
- Polysaccharides (glycans) are composed of many sugar molecules.
- Homopolysaccharides are made of the same type of monosaccharide. Examples include starch, glycogen, and cellulose.
- Heteropolysaccharides are made from different monosaccharides. Examples include glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), peptidoglycans, and agarose (part of seaweed cell wall).
Lipids
- Lipids are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents.
- Lipids have long non-polar hydrocarbon chains.
- Lipid elements are C, H, O.
- Lipids are joined by ester bonds.
- Building blocks of lipids are glycerol and fatty acids.
- Types of fatty acids include saturated fatty acids (SFAs), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). SFAs have no double or triple bonds, MUFAs have one, and PUFAs have more than one.
Proteins
- Proteins make up 50% of cellular dry weight and perform various functions, including structure, enzymes, catalysts, hormones, and antibodies.
- Protein elements are C, H, O, and N.
- Proteins are joined by peptide bonds.
- Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.
- Proteins have four levels of structure: primary, secondary (alpha-helix and beta-sheet), tertiary (globular), and quaternary.
Nucleic Acids
- Nucleic acids are the genetic material found in all cells.
- Nucleic acid elements are C, H, O, N, and P.
- Nucleic acids are joined by phosphodiester bonds.
- Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids.
- Nucleotides contain a phosphate group, a sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and a nitrogenous base.
- DNA consists of the following nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine.
- RNA consists of the following nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil.
- DNA and RNA are complementary, with A pairing with T (or U) and G pairing with C. Chargaff's rule describes this complementarity
Mutations
- Mutations are unpredictable changes in chromosomes, usually from risky exposures.
- Mutations can happen in gene sequences/mutations.
- Some forms of gene mutations include point (substitutions), deletions, and insertions, which can result in different amino acids being produced (or a stop codon).
- Chromosomal mutations include deletions, duplications, inversions, translocations, and iso-chromosome formation potentially causing monosomy.
- Results of mutations may be silent (amino acid unchanged), missense (different amino acid), or nonsense (forming a stop codon).
Central Dogma
- The central dogma of molecular biology describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein.
- DNA replication copies the DNA molecule.
- Transcription converts DNA into RNA in the nucleus.
- Translation converts RNA into proteins in ribosomes.
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of biomolecules, focusing on carbohydrates and lipids. This quiz covers the structure, classification, and examples of carbohydrates including monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Test your knowledge on lipids and their characteristics.
