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Questions and Answers
What are the major complex biomolecules mentioned in the text?
What are the major complex biomolecules mentioned in the text?
What percentage of the human body is composed of water according to the text?
What percentage of the human body is composed of water according to the text?
Which element makes up more than 99% of the human body?
Which element makes up more than 99% of the human body?
What are the two purines mentioned in the text?
What are the two purines mentioned in the text?
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Which forces are responsible for molecules being formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms?
Which forces are responsible for molecules being formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms?
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What percentage of the human body is composed of proteins according to the text?
What percentage of the human body is composed of proteins according to the text?
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What percentage of the human body is composed of lipids according to the text?
What percentage of the human body is composed of lipids according to the text?
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Which type of bond is formed by the transfer of electrons from the outermost orbit of an electropositive atom to the outermost orbit of an electronegative atom?
Which type of bond is formed by the transfer of electrons from the outermost orbit of an electropositive atom to the outermost orbit of an electronegative atom?
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Which of the following compounds is an example of an ionic compound?
Which of the following compounds is an example of an ionic compound?
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What is the most abundant chemical compound in living human cells?
What is the most abundant chemical compound in living human cells?
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Which element accounts for approximately 65% of a person's mass?
Which element accounts for approximately 65% of a person's mass?
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Which element is contained in all organic compounds and accounts for about 18% of body mass?
Which element is contained in all organic compounds and accounts for about 18% of body mass?
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What percentage of the body do sugar and other carbohydrates account for?
What percentage of the body do sugar and other carbohydrates account for?
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Which element is found in proteins and nucleic acids, comprising about 3.3% of body mass?
Which element is found in proteins and nucleic acids, comprising about 3.3% of body mass?
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What is the key cation or positively-charged ion used in nerve conduction?
What is the key cation or positively-charged ion used in nerve conduction?
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Which element is used to build bones and teeth, and accounts for 1.5% of body mass?
Which element is used to build bones and teeth, and accounts for 1.5% of body mass?
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What element is found in some amino acids and proteins, comprising about 0.2-0.3% of body mass?
What element is found in some amino acids and proteins, comprising about 0.2-0.3% of body mass?
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What is the second most abundant element in the human body, accounting for about 18% of body mass?
What is the second most abundant element in the human body, accounting for about 18% of body mass?
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What type of bond results from electrostatic attraction between an electronegative atom and a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to a second electronegative atom?
What type of bond results from electrostatic attraction between an electronegative atom and a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to a second electronegative atom?
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Which element helps regulate the electrolyte balance in the body and maintain homeostasis with respect to the volume of water in the blood and cells?
Which element helps regulate the electrolyte balance in the body and maintain homeostasis with respect to the volume of water in the blood and cells?
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Which element, although abundant in the earth's crust, is found in trace amounts in the human body?
Which element, although abundant in the earth's crust, is found in trace amounts in the human body?
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Which of the following elements is NOT mentioned as a trace element in the human body?
Which of the following elements is NOT mentioned as a trace element in the human body?
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Which element is mentioned as a cofactor for enzymes, such as cobalt for vitamin B12?
Which element is mentioned as a cofactor for enzymes, such as cobalt for vitamin B12?
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Which element is abundant in the earth's crust but is found in trace amounts in the human body?
Which element is abundant in the earth's crust but is found in trace amounts in the human body?
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Which element is NOT included in the list of trace elements mentioned in the text?
Which element is NOT included in the list of trace elements mentioned in the text?
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Which element is mentioned as part of the trace elements in the human body and also serves as a cofactor for enzymes?
Which element is mentioned as part of the trace elements in the human body and also serves as a cofactor for enzymes?
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What is the primary function of cobalt with relation to enzymes?
What is the primary function of cobalt with relation to enzymes?
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Which of the following elements, despite being abundant in the earth's crust, is present only in trace amounts in the human body?
Which of the following elements, despite being abundant in the earth's crust, is present only in trace amounts in the human body?
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Which element is NOT mentioned as part of the trace elements in the human body?
Which element is NOT mentioned as part of the trace elements in the human body?
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Which element is abundant in the earth's crust but found only in trace amounts in the human body?
Which element is abundant in the earth's crust but found only in trace amounts in the human body?
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Which of the following elements is mentioned as serving as a cofactor for enzymes?
Which of the following elements is mentioned as serving as a cofactor for enzymes?
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Study Notes
- Dr. Reyadh Hannouah is a professor at the Al-Nabihah University College of Medicine, lecturing in the Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology about Biomolecules and Stabilizing Forces in Molecules.
- The human body is primarily composed of six elements: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus. These elements make up over 99% of the human body's mass.
- The human body contains approximately 60% water, 15% proteins, 15% lipids, 2% carbohydrates, and 8% minerals.
- Biomolecules include 20 amino acids, 2 purines, 3 pyrimidines, sugars (glucose and ribose), palmitate, glycerol, and choline. These biomolecules combine to form the macromolecules proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, and nucleic acids.
- The major forces stabilizing molecules are covalent bonds (formed by sharing of electrons between atoms), ionic bonds (formed by electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions), and hydrogen bonds (formed by sharing of hydrogen between two electronegative atoms).
- Calcium and phosphorus are essential inorganic elements for the human body, while carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen are the most abundant elements in the human body.
- Water, fat, protein, and minerals are the major classes of compounds within the human body. Water is the most abundant compound, accounting for 65-90% of the body's mass, while fat, protein, and minerals make up smaller portions.
- The human body is composed of over 92 fundamental substances, called elements, which cannot be created or broken down by ordinary chemical means.
- Major classes of compounds in the human body include water, fat, protein, and minerals. Water is the most abundant compound, making up 65-90% of the body's mass, while fat, protein, and minerals account for smaller proportions.
- The human body requires various elements and compounds for various functions. For example, calcium is essential for bone and teeth formation and muscle contraction.
- Oxygen, the most abundant element in the human body, is essential for cellular respiration and makes up approximately 65% of a person's mass.
- Carbon is the second most abundant element in the human body, making up about 18% of body mass, and is found in all organic compounds.
- Hydrogen atoms are the most numerous type of atom in the human body, but they only make up around 10% of the mass.
- Nitrogen is about 3.3% of the body's mass and is found in proteins and nucleic acids.
- Potassium is a key cation or positively charged ion in the body and is used in nerve conduction. It makes up around 0.2-0.4% of body mass.
- Sulfur is found in some amino acids and proteins and makes up about 0.2-0.3% of body mass.
- Sodium, like potassium, is a positively charged ion and is about 0.1-0.2% of body mass. Sodium helps regulate the electrolyte balance in the body.
- Trace elements, such as iron, cobalt, zinc, iodine, selenium, and fluorine, are also essential for various functions in the human body. They are found in trace amounts.
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