Biomolecules and Cell Organelles

Definīcija: Molekulas, kas ir dzīvo šūnu sastāvdaļas
Galvenie veidi:
- Ogļhidrāti: Enerģijas avots; iedalās monosaharīdos, disaharīdos un polisaharīdos.
- Proteīni: Veidojās no aminoskābēm; funkcijas: katalizatori (enzīmi), struktūras un signālproteīni.
- Lipidī: Tauki, kas veido šūnu membrānas; ietver triglicerīdus, fosfolipīdus un holesterīnu.
- Nukleīnskābes: DNS un RNS; ģenētiskā materiāla uzglabāšana un pārvade.

Definīcija: Specifiskas struktūras šūnā, kas veic noteiktas funkcijas
Galvenie organeli:
- Mitochondriji: Enerģijas ražošana (ATP) caur šūnu elpošanu.
- Endoplazmatiskais retikulums: Olbaltumvielu un lipīdu sintēze; ir divi veidi (kardinalizēts un gludais).
- Golži aparāts: Olbaltumvielu modificēšana, iepakošana un nosūtīšana.
- Lizosomas: Šūnu atkritumu sadalīšana un reciklāšana.
- Klonas: Šūnas struktūru saglabāšana un atbalstīšana.

Aerobā elpošana: Skābekļa klātbūtnē, efektīvi ražo ATP.
Anaerobā elpošana: Kieferuederbreds (np bez skābekļa), tam ir mazāka ATP izdalīšanās.
Ūdens un sāļi: Liela nozīme šūnu osmotiskajai līdzsvarai un vielu transportā.

Metabolisms: Kemiskie procesi, kuri nodrošina enerģiju un materiālus šūnās.
- Katabolisms: Organisko savienojumu sadalījums un enerģijas iegūšana.
- Anabolisms: Mazāku molekulu savienošana lielākos savienojumos.
Fermentācija: Anaerobais metabolizācijas process, ražojot bioķīmiskos savienojumus bez skābekļa.

Definīcija: Molekulas, kas nodod signālus starp šūnām.
Veidi:
- Hormoni: Regulē ķermeņa funkcijas un procesos (var būt peptīdu, steroīdu u.c. veidi).
- Neirotransmiteri: Pārnēsā signālus starp nervu šūnām.
- Citosīnes: Komunikācija starp šūnām, kontrolējot imūnās un iekaisuma reakcijas.
Signālu ceļi: Procesi, kuros šūnas reaģē uz signālvielām, izraisot fizioloģiskas izmaiņas.

Definition: Molecules that are components of living cells.
Main Types:
- Carbohydrates: Energy source; categorized as monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
- Proteins: Formed from amino acids; functions include catalysts (enzymes), structural proteins, and signaling proteins.
- Lipids: Fats that form cell membranes; include triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterol.
- Nucleic acids: DNA and RNA; responsible for storing and transmitting genetic material.

Definition: Specific structures within a cell that perform specific functions
Main Organelles:
- Mitochondria: Energy production (ATP) through cellular respiration.
- Endoplasmic Reticulum: Protein and lipid synthesis; two types (rough and smooth).
- Golgi Apparatus: Modification, packaging, and transport of proteins.
- Lysosomes: Breakdown and recycling of cellular waste products.
- Cytoskeleton: Maintains cell structure and provides support.

Aerobic Respiration: Occurs in the presence of oxygen, efficiently producing ATP.
Anaerobic Respiration: Occurs without oxygen, resulting in less ATP production.
Water and Salts: Crucial for maintaining cellular osmotic balance and transporting substances.

Metabolism: Chemical processes that provide energy and materials for cells.
Catabolism: Breakdown of organic compounds and energy extraction.
Anabolism: Synthesis of larger molecules from smaller ones.
Fermentation: Anaerobic metabolic process producing biochemical compounds without oxygen.

Definition: Molecules that relay signals between cells.
Types:
- Hormones: Regulate bodily functions and processes (can be peptide, steroid, etc.).
- Neurotransmitters: Carry signals between nerve cells.
- Cytokines: Communication between cells, controlling immune and inflammatory responses.
- Signaling Pathways: Processes through which cells respond to signaling molecules, triggering physiological changes.

Cells are the basic units of life.
There are two main types of cells: prokaryotic and eukaryotic.
- Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus while eukaryotic cells have a nucleus.
The main components of a cell include the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and organelles.
- The plasma membrane regulates the passage of substances in and out of the cell.
- The cytoplasm is the gel-like substance that fills the cell and contains the organelles.
- Organelles are specialized structures within the cell that perform specific functions.
- Mitochondria are responsible for energy production.
- Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis.
- The endoplasmic reticulum is involved in the synthesis of proteins and lipids.
- The Golgi apparatus processes and packages proteins.

The four main types of molecules in the cell are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Anabolism is the process of building up molecules from simpler ones.
Catabolism is the process of breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones.
Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions.
Enzymes reduce the activation energy required for a reaction to occur.

Cellular metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in a cell.
The breakdown of glucose to produce energy occurs through the following processes: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose in the cytoplasm.
The Krebs cycle generates ATP in the mitochondria.
Oxidative phosphorylation produces the majority of ATP in the cell.
Cellular metabolism is tightly regulated by homeostasis, enzyme activity, and substrate availability.

Protein synthesis is the process of creating proteins from amino acids.
It involves two main steps: transcription and translation.
During transcription, the DNA code is copied into RNA.
During translation, the RNA is used to build proteins at ribosomes.
Ribosomes are responsible for forming peptide bonds between amino acids during protein synthesis.
The genetic code of life is based on codons, which are three-nucleotide sequences that correspond to specific amino acids.

DNA is a molecule that stores the genetic information of an organism.
DNA replicates before cell division, ensuring each daughter cell receives a complete copy of the genome.
RNA is a molecule that plays a crucial role in protein synthesis.
Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries genetic information from DNA in the nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
Transfer RNA (tRNA) delivers amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis, where they are incorporated into the growing polypeptide chain.
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a component of ribosomes and is involved in the assembly of proteins.