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Questions and Answers
What is the basic building block of life?
Prokaryotes have a nucleus.
False
Which of the following is NOT one of the four biomolecules?
What is the most common fuel sugar?
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What structure do lipids form in water?
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What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus?
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Cells obtain energy mainly by the oxidation of ______.
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Which biomolecule serves as the storage form of fuel in animals?
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Name one of the main actions required to maintain the internal order of living cells.
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What are the basic building blocks of life?
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Prokaryotes are cells that lack a nucleus.
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Eukaryotes do not have organelles.
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Name one function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER).
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Which of the following is NOT one of the four biomolecules?
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What is the most common fuel sugar in cells?
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The stored glucose in animals is known as ______.
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What is the role of lipids in cells?
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What process do cells use to obtain energy?
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Living cells are inherently stable.
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What is one method through which cells maintain internal order?
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Study Notes
The Cell
- Basic building blocks of life
- Smallest living unit in an organism
- Grow, reproduce, use energy, adapt, respond to their environment
- Can be an entire organism or one of billions that make up the organism
Prokaryotes
- Bacteria
- Lack a nucleus or membrane-bound structures (organelles)
Eukaryotes
- Most other cells
- Have a nucleus and organelles
- Include plants, fungi, and animals
Bio-Membranes and Organelles
- Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell
- Chloroplasts are the sites of photosynthesis in plant cells
- The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) is involved in protein synthesis and transport
- Ribosomes are responsible for assembling proteins
- The Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) is involved in lipid synthesis, detoxification, and calcium storage
- The Golgi Apparatus processes and packages proteins and lipids
- Lysosomes are responsible for breaking down cellular waste and foreign materials
Four (4) Biomolecules
- Protein
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids and fats
- Nucleic acid
Protein
- The folding of proteins to their 3D structure is dictated by a sequence of amino acids
- Membrane proteins can be embedded in membranes or attached to them
- These proteins permit the exchange of material and information with the environment
Carbohydrates
- Fuel and information molecules
- Glucose is the most common fuel sugar
- Glycogen is the stored glucose in animals
Lipids and Fats
- Storage form of fuel and also serve as cell barriers
- One part of a lipid molecule is hydrophilic (water-loving); the other is hydrophobic (water-hating)
- In water, lipids can form a bilayer, constituting a barrier that separates two aqueous components
Energy of the Cell
- Living cells are inherently unstable
- A constant flow of energy prevents them from becoming disorganized
- Cells obtain energy mainly by the oxidation of biomolecules
- Electrons are transferred from one molecule to another, losing energy in the process
- This energy is captured by cells and used to maintain a highly organized cellular structure and functions
Maintaining High Internal Order
- Synthesis of biomolecules
- Transport across membranes: Cell membranes regulate the passage of ions and molecules from one compartment to another
- Cell movement: Organized movement is a characteristic of living cells. The intricate and coordinated activities required to sustain life require the movement of cell components
- Waste removal: Animal cells convert food molecules into CO2, H2O & NH3. If these are not removed, they can be toxic to the cell
Basic Building Blocks of Life
- Cells are the basic building blocks of life.
- Cells are the smallest unit of life that can grow, reproduce, use energy, adapt, and respond to their environment.
- Cells can be an entire organism or one of billions that make up the organism.
Cell Types
- Prokaryotes have no nucleus or membrane-bound structures (organelles), they include bacteria.
- Eukaryotes have a nucleus and organelles, they include plants, fungi, and animals.
Cell Organelles and Functions
- Mitochondria are responsible for cellular respiration, producing energy (ATP) from food.
- Chloroplasts found in plants, are responsible for photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy.
- Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) synthesizes proteins and modifies them.
- Ribosomes are involved in protein synthesis.
- Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) involved in synthesizing lipids and steroids.
- Golgi Apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids.
- Lysosomes break down waste materials and cellular debris.
Biomolecules
- Proteins are essential for cell structure and function. Their three-dimensional structure is determined by the sequence of amino acids.
- Carbohydrates serve as fuel molecules and provide information. They are made up of sugars like glucose, which is stored as glycogen in animals.
- Lipids and fats are used for energy storage and act as cell barriers. They have a hydrophilic and hydrophobic region that allows them to form bilayers in water.
- Nucleic acids carry genetic information. They are made up of nucleotides which contain a base, a five-carbon sugar, and at least one phosphate group.
Cellular Energy
- Living cells are unstable and require a constant flow of energy to maintain their highly organized structure and functions.
- Cells obtain energy primarily through the oxidation of biomolecules, which involves the transfer of electrons and energy loss.
- This energy is captured by cells and used to maintain cellular organization and function.
Maintaining Internal Order
- To maintain internal order, cells utilize several processes:
- Synthesis of biomolecules creates the building blocks for cellular structures.
- Transport across membranes regulates the movement of ions and molecules between cellular compartments.
- Cell movement is essential for many cellular functions, including transport and migration.
- Waste removal eliminates waste products like CO2, H2O, and NH3 that are generated by cellular metabolism.
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Description
Explore the fundamentals of cells, the basic building blocks of life, through this engaging quiz. Learn about prokaryotes and eukaryotes, as well as the various organelles and their functions within a cell. Test your knowledge on biomolecules and gain a deeper understanding of cellular structure and function.
