Biomimetic Vision and Hearing Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a primary insect vision configuration?

  • Simple eyes
  • Multifunctional eyes (correct)
  • Compound eyes
  • Camera-type eyes

    • The concept of compound eyes allows for greater motion detection than traditional lenses.

    True

    What are the two main types of biomimetic eyes?

    Compound eyes and camera-type eyes

    In motion hyperacuity, the ability to detect slight movements is ______.

    <p>enhanced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following biomimetic technologies with their functions:

    <p>Biomimetic vision sensor = Detects motion with greater sensitivity Biomimetic hair cells = Mimics natural hearing mechanisms Biomimetic basilar membrane sensor = Simulates frequency-based sound detection Compound eye = Used in advanced imaging systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which situation are camera-type biomimetic eyes more usable?

    <p>Detailed image capturing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All biomimetic sensors rely solely on photonic structures for functionality.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are biomimetic hair cells connected to hearing?

    <p>They mimic the function of natural hair cells in the inner ear.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What materials are used for 3D printing a biomimetic tympanic membrane?

    <p>Thermo plastic elastomer and polivinyl alcohol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    High-frequency sounds localize near the apex of the cochlea.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of an artificial basilar membrane?

    <p>To mimic cochlear tonotopy and facilitate acoustic-to-electrical energy conversion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process described for creating a biomimetic tympanic membrane uses the fused deposition modeling technique which involves __________ materials.

    <p>two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of biomimetic artificial basilar membranes to their descriptions:

    <p>Trapezoidal membrane type = A structure with varying dimensions along its length Beam array type = Composed of numerous beams for flexibility Flexible Piezoelectric PZT thin film = Utilizes piezoelectric properties for sound detection Triboelectric-based = Generates electrical energy through contact electrification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a characteristic of the basilar membrane?

    <p>It has varying stiffness along its length.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one technology-based approach mentioned for creating an artificial basilar membrane.

    <p>MEMS technology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The design of a biomimetic tympanic membrane does not require any support materials.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about depth of field (DOF) is correct?

    <p>DOF is smaller for larger apertures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The angular field of view is affected by object distance.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Snell's law predict?

    <p>The angle of refraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The fraction of incident light intensity that is refracted is known as __________.

    <p>transmittance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of aberration occurs due to imperfections in lenses and only considers one wavelength at a time?

    <p>Monochromatic aberration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Reflectance = Fraction of incident light intensity that is reflected Transmittance = Fraction of incident light intensity that is refracted Aberration = Distortion in image quality due to lens imperfections Refractive index = Ratio of speeds of light in a vacuum to that in a medium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chromatic aberration appears as fringes of inappropriate color along edges in an image.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate field of view determined by?

    <p>The geometry of the imaging setup.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which motion processing model employs first and second derivatives to determine velocity?

    <p>Differential-based models</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Hassenstein-Reinhardt model is a type of region-based motion processing model.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one adaptive visual capability of the mantis shrimp.

    <p>Color vision or polarization vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ allows for incredible motion detection capabilities, often described as motion hyperacuity.

    <p>fly eye sensor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following visual models with their primary characteristics:

    <p>Differential models = Employ first and second derivatives Energy-based methods = Quantify output from Gabor filters Phase-based models = Utilize band-pass filters Region-based matching = Compare adjacent image scenes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant feature of fly eye sensors compared to CCD camera sensors?

    <p>Incredible motion detection capabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mantis shrimp can adjust their polarization contrast in real time.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What types of eye movement are possible for a mantis shrimp?

    <p>Pitch, yaw, and roll</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the control circuit in a sensing array?

    <p>To cause each capacitor to transfer its contents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A Bayer filter mosaic contains equal proportions of red, green, and blue filters.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one type of compound eye.

    <p>Apposition eye</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary refractive power of the camera eye is due to the __________ interface.

    <p>air/cornea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of eye is primarily found in nearly all mammals, including humans?

    <p>Refractive cornea eye</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of eyes to their characteristics:

    <p>Camera eye = Noncompound eye using a single refractive surface Apposition eye = Found in insects, composed of multiple lenses Optical superposition eye = Higher light sensitivity with multiple simple eyes Neural superposition eye = Combines signals from many ommatidia for better resolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The artificial vision system mimics the camera eye's components using multiple small apertures.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the angular span calculated for Helmholtz’s schematic eye when the radius is 5.5 mm?

    <p>291.5 μm/deg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a camera's sensor array?

    <p>To capture images</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Optical infinity refers to an object distance that is equal to the focal length.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of aperture size on image clarity?

    <p>Aperture size affects the amount of light entering the lens and influences the depth of field.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ frequency is half of the spatial sampling frequency to avoid aliasing.

    <p>Nyquist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following optical terms with their definitions:

    <p>Focal Length = Distance over which objects are in sharp focus Aperture Size = Determines the amount of light passing through the lens Spatial Sampling Frequency = Reciprocal of the center-to-center distance between sensor locations Blur Spots = Result of focusing light to a not perfectly sharp detail</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition leads to aliasing in images?

    <p>Spatial sampling frequency being too low</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Gaussian lens equation is used to describe the spatial relationship between the object distance, image distance, and focal length.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'depth of field' refer to in optics?

    <p>The axial distance over which objects are imaged with acceptable sharpness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the Modulation Transfer Function (MTF)?

    <p>The degree to which an optical system can reproduce the contrast of a real object.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chromatic aberration does not result in color fringes along image edges.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Optical Transfer Function (OTF)?

    <p>It is the Fourier transform of the Point Spread Function (PSF).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ defines how an infinitesimally small point of light is spread by an optical component.

    <p>Point Spread Function (PSF)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the optical concepts with their definitions:

    <p>Point Spread Function = Describes how light is spread by an optical component. Quantum Efficiency = Ratio of detected photons to incoming photons. Blooming = Overflow of electrons in the sensor. Aperture = Opening that allows light to enter the optical system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor influences the quantum efficiency of a CCD camera?

    <p>The energy level of incoming photons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    CCDs can effectively generate free electrons from any wavelength of incoming photons.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during 'blooming' in a CCD camera?

    <p>Overflow of too many electrons occurs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of longer focal length lenses on depth of field (DOF)?

    <p>They have a smaller DOF for a given aperture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The angular field of view is determined by object distance.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What law predicts the angle of refraction when light enters an optical system?

    <p>Snell's law</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The fraction of incident light intensity that is __________ is known as transmittance.

    <p>refracted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of aberrations with their characteristics:

    <p>Monochromatic = Only one wavelength is considered Chromatic = Multiple wavelengths are considered Spherical = A type of monochromatic aberration Field curvature = A type of monochromatic aberration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In optics, reflectance refers to which of the following?

    <p>The fraction of incident light intensity that is reflected</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most optical aberrations are caused by the imperfections in lenses.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between reflectance and transmittance in optics?

    <p>R + T = 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical mean diameter of the optic disk in a human eye?

    <p>1800 μm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The resolution limit of the human eye is 1 min of arc based on a 2 mm pupil and 550 nm wavelength.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the fixed part of a camera that is attached to a focal plane array (FPA)?

    <p>Sensor frame</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The EC-Eye is an example of a __________ eye.

    <p>biomimetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary modular vision unit of the compound eye called?

    <p>Ommatidium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of a camera eye model to their descriptions:

    <p>Focal Plane Array (FPA) = Attached rigidly to the sensor frame Optic Disk = Mean diameter is approximately 1800 μm Pupil = Affects resolution limit Lens System = Moves axially to adjust image distance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Compound eyes provide a very narrow field of view.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What shape is the optic disk in a typical human eye?

    <p>Not truly spherical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the individual hexagonal-shaped lenses in a compound eye called?

    <p>Facet lenses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The angle between adjacent ommatidia is referred to as the __________ angle.

    <p>interommatidial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focal length of standard camera lenses typically described as?

    <p>Fixed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The focal length in zoom lenses can change.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a type of visual processing that occurs early in the vision system?

    <p>Primitive object recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each type of insect vision configuration with its description:

    <p>Apposition = Optimizes resolution with light Superposition = Uses overlapping light from multiple ommatidia Neural superposition = Combines signals for improved sensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the apparent motion of surfaces or objects in a scene?

    <p>Optical flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The crystalline cone in a compound eye is made of opaque material.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which material provides durability and flexibility for the biomimetic tympanic membrane?

    <p>Thermo plastic elastomer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The artificial basilar membrane does not mimic cochlear tonotopy.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a biomimetic tympanic membrane?

    <p>Sound detection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The artificial basilar membrane is used as an acoustic transducer that mimics _________ of the basilar membrane.

    <p>tonotopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following biomimetic artificial basilar membranes with their technologies:

    <p>Flexible Piezoelectric PVDF-based = Polyvinylidene diflouride technology MEMS Piezoelectric AIN-based = Aluminium nitride technology Flexible Piezoelectric PZT-based = Zirconite titanite technology Triboelectric-based = Triboelectric technology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of structure characterizes the basilar membrane?

    <p>Pseudo-resonant structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Low-frequency sounds localize near the base of the cochlea.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one of the materials used in the 3D printing of a biomimetic tympanic membrane.

    <p>Thermo plastic elastomer or Polivinyl alcohol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which motion processing model uses an array of band-pass filters to analyze incoming signals?

    <p>Phase-based models</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Hassenstein-Reinhardt model is a type of motion processing method that uses feature-based matching.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one of the visual capabilities of the mantis shrimp.

    <p>Color vision or polarization vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Motion hyperacuity refers to the ability to detect slight movements with incredible __________.

    <p>precision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following motion processing models with their descriptions:

    <p>Differential-based = Employs first and second derivatives to determine velocity Region-based = Determines movement between adjacent image scenes Phase-based = Uses band-pass filters for analyzing signals Energy-based = Quantifies output energy from velocity-tuned Gabor filters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What visual processing technique is primarily utilized by fly eye sensors?

    <p>Adaptive contrast mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mantis shrimps can adjust their polarization contrast in real time by utilizing three axes of eye movement.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Energy-based methods make use of __________ filters for motion detection.

    <p>Gabor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pázmány Péter Catholic University

    • This is a university in Hungary
    • Located in the Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics

    Biomimetic and Bioinspired Sensors

    • The lecture is about vision, hearing, and sensor technologies
    • The date of the lecture is 2024.11.06.
    • The lecturer is Dr. Sándor Földi

    Contents of the lecture

    • Optics
    • Physiology of vision
    • Classic camera
    • Bioinspired vision sensor technologies
    • Depth camera
    • Physiology of hearing
    • Bioinspired hearing sensor

    Basic Optics

    • An image is formed when light reflected off an object is focused on a surface
    • In a camera, the sensor array is located at the image plane
    • Sharpest image: achieved with converging lens or a system of lenses
    • The Gaussian lens equation: 1/So + 1/Si = 1/f
    • Focal length and optical parameters depend on wavelength
    • Optical infinity: object distance resulting in an image plane close to focal length
    • For designers: object distance (so) is greater than or equal to 100 times focal length (f)
    • For visual acuity exams, so ≈ 338f
    • Spatial sampling of the image:
    • The center-to-center distance between sensor locations is the reciprocal of the spatial sampling frequency
    • Spatial sampling is limited by the sampling theorem such that only spatial frequencies up to half the spatial sampling frequency are sampled and reconstructed without aliasing
    • Aliasing is noticeable to humans in periodic patterns such as stripes in clothing

    Basic Optics - Aperture Size

    • No real world lens can focus light to an infinitesimally tiny point
    • Effective aperture size = diameter, numerical aperture (microscopy), f-number (photography)
    • Blur examples exist

    Basic Optics - Depth of Field

    • Depth of Field: Axial distance over which objects are in sharp focus
    • Depth of Field (DOF) is smaller for larger apertures
    • Longer focal length lenses have a smaller DOF for a given aperture

    Basic Optics - Field of View

    • Field of view (FOV): Span over which a scene is imaged
    • FOV is determined only by the geometry of the system
    • For an imaging sensor of size 'a' in a given direction, the angular FOV in that direction is 2arctan(a/2f)

    Basic Optics - Reflection and Refraction

    • When light enters an optical system, it encounters a boundary between two different indices of refraction
    • Examples are: Air (n=1), Crown glass (n=1.5)
    • Snell's law: sin θ1/n1 = sin θ2/n2
    • Angle of reflection equals angle of incidence
    • Reflectance (R) - fraction of light reflected (incident light intensity)
    • Transmittance (T) - fraction of light refracted (incident light intensity)
    • R + T = 1

    Basic Optics - Aberrations

    • Monochromatic aberrations are due to imperfections in lenses (spherical, comma, astigmatism, field curvature, defocus, barrel and pin-cushion distortion)
    • Chromatic aberration is primarily due to material refractive index's dependence on wavelength. This results in fringes of inappropriate color along bright and dark regions of the image

    Basic Optics - Fourier Optics

    • A powerful and practical method for design considerations.
    • Point Spread Function (PSF): Describes how a point of light is spread by a component
    • Optical Transfer Function (OTF): Fourier transform of the PSF, in spatial frequency domain
    • Modulation Transfer Function (MTF): Magnitude of OTF
    • Contrast Transfer Function (CTF): Line pair (maximum frequency)
    • Conversion between MTF and CTF is known

    Recap - Vision

    • In details: Lecture 2

    Classic CCD Camera

    • CCD: Charge Coupled Device
    • Introduction: 1974 Bell Laboratory
    • Popular since 1980
    • Majority of cameras use CCDs
    • Cheap semiconductor technology
    • Discrete sensors = discretization, pixelization
    • Incoming photons generate free electrons
    • Photons with too little energy (infrared) do not generate electrons
    • Photons with too much energy (ultraviolet) are absorbed before reaching the sensor layer
    • Quantum efficiency (typically 70%)
    • Free electrons trapped in potential holes (2-100,000)
    • Blooming: overflow of too many electrons

    Classic CCD Camera - Photoactive Region

    • Photoactive region and a transmission region that are made of a shift-register
    • Steps of sensing:
      • Array is exposed to the image
      • Control circuit transfers charge from each capacitor to its neighbor - like a shift register process.
      • The last capacitor dumps charges to a charge amplifier which converts the charge to a voltage
      • Repeat process to convert entire array content

    Classic CCD Camera - Color Filter Array

    • Bayer filter mosaic: color filter array (CFA) for arranging RGB color filters on a square grid of photosensors
    • Filter pattern is half green, quarter red, and quarter blue
    • Better color separation can be achieved with three-CCD devices and a dichroic beam splitter prism

    Biomimetic Vision Sensor Approaches

    • At least 10 known variants of animal eyes
    • Two main groups: Noncompound and Compound eyes
    • Refractive cornea eye (Camera eye)
    • Compound Eye:
      • Apposition eye
      • Optical superposition eye
      • Neural superposition eye

    Camera Eye

    • Nearly all mammals, including humans, have camera eyes.
    • The primary refractive power due to the air/cornea optical interface.
    • Additional refractive effect provided by an internal lens (e.g., crystalline lens for focus adjustment).
    • Relatively large aperture → good light gathering and a small blur spot.
    • Artificial vision systems based on camera eye use a single large-aperture lens mimicking the cornea and lens combined with the photoreceptors in retina.

    Camera Eye of Humans

    • Simplification of human eye: Helmholtz's schematic eye (reduced eye model)
    • Single refractive surface (5.5 mm radius)
    • Posterior nodal distance (16.7 mm)
    • Angular span (16.7 mm × tan(1°)=291.5 μm/deg)

    Camera Eye-Typical Human Eye

    • Optic disk has mean diameter of 1800 µm
    • Optic disk subtends arc roughly 6.2°
    • Not truly spherical
    • Resolution limit ~1 min of arc for certain conditions
    • Camera eye model for camera and vision sensors
    • Focal plane array (FPA) usually rigidly attached to sensor frame
    • Focal length fixed (zoom lenses are exceptions).

    Biomimetic Camera Eye Example: EC-Eye

    • Describes electrochemical eye (EC-Eye)
    • Features an eye-like structure with lens, vitreous humor, retina, etc.

    Recap - Ear Structure

    • Describes auditory canal, malleus, incus, stapes, tympanic membrane, oval window, round window, cochlea, spiral ligament, spiral organ of Corti, scala vestibuli, scala tympani, scala media, and stria vascularis.

    Recap - Organ of Corti

    • Shows structure of outer and inner hair cells, tectorial membrane, basilar fiber, spiral ganglion, cochlear nerve, and reticular lamina.

    Artificial Hair Cells

    • Shows diagrams for artificial hair cells, including cantilever support sensor structures

    Biomimetic Sound Detection

    • Human hearing frequency range: 20 Hz to 20 kHz
    • Sound pressure range: 20 µPa to 20 Pa
    • Artificial hair cell mimics sound conversion into an electrical signal by inner hair cell, amplification by outer hair cell, MEMS technology, self-sensing, and self-actuated cantilever.
    • Feedback control loop for process

    Biomimetic Tympanic Membrane

    • Tympanic membrane (TM) consists of three parts: Malleus, Pars Tensa, and Pars Flaccida
    • TM curved conical shape does not behave as a typical diaphragm
    • Pressure forces transmitted centrally to TM during movement

    Biomimetic Tympanic Membrane Techniques

    • Fused deposition modeling technique
    • Two materials for 3D printing: Thermo-plastic elastomer and polivinyl alcohol

    Biomimetic Artificial Basilar Membrane

    • Pseudo resonant structure
    • Different width, stiffness, mass, damping, and duct dimensions along its length
    • High-frequency sounds localize near base, low frequencies near apex
    • Acoustic transducer that mimics cochlear tonotopy (passive mechanical freq selectivity)
    • Different MEMS technology-based approaches

    Biomimetic Artificial Basilar Membrane - Types

    • Trapezoidal membrane type
    • Beam array type

    Biomimetic Artificial Basilar Membrane - Materials

    • Flexible piezoelectric zirconite titanite (PZT)
    • Flexible Piezoelectric polyvinylidene diflouride (PVDF)

    Biomimetic Artificial Basilar Membrane - Triboelectric

    • Triboelectric-based
    • Uses a method involving several stages of components.

    Summary - Questions

    • 4 important basic concepts of optics in biomimetic vision sensors
    • Two main types of biomimetic eyes, differences and usages
    • Concept of compound eyes, primary insect vision and reaching motion hyperacuity
    • Connection between biomimetic hair cells and hearing
    • Introduction of a biomimetic basilar membrane sensor

    References

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    Sensor Technologies and Biological Sensing Lecture 6 PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on biomimetic technologies related to vision and hearing. This quiz covers various concepts like compound eyes, biomimetic tympanic membranes, and artificial basilar membranes. Challenge yourself and see how well you understand these advanced technologies and their functions.

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