Biomedical Engineering: Organic Chemistry (CHE 111)

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Questions and Answers

Which element among the following achieves stability by fulfilling the octet rule?

Cl (correct)

Si (correct)

Ne (correct)

What is the main characteristic of a covalent bond?

Formation of an ionic compound

Transfer of electrons

Sharing of electrons (correct)

Creation of a metallic bond

What phenomenon is responsible for the strength of a covalent bond?

The repulsion between electron pairs

The attraction between shared electrons and atomic nuclei (correct)

The electromagnetic forces in ionic bonds

The force of gravity between atoms

According to the octet rule, atoms typically strive to achieve how many electrons in their valence shell?

8 electrons Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about nonpolar covalent bonds is true?

They exhibit equal sharing of electrons. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of organic chemistry?

The study of hydrocarbons and their derivatives Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following concepts is NOT a part of the basic understanding of molecular structure in organic chemistry?

Thermodynamics Signup and view all the answers

Which major reaction mechanism is associated with the family of alkenes?

Addition reactions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following roles of organic chemistry in biomedical engineering is the least relevant?

Studying geological formations Signup and view all the answers

Which functional group is characterized by a hydroxyl (-OH) group?

Alcohols Signup and view all the answers

In the context of organic reactions, what does resonance theory primarily explain?

The delocalization of electrons in conjugated systems Signup and view all the answers

What does isomerism in organic chemistry refer to?

Different compounds with the same molecular formula Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following compounds is least likely to be classified as an organic compound?

Sodium chloride (NaCl) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a bioorganic compound?

Synthetic dyes Signup and view all the answers

Why is carbon able to form such a diverse range of organic compounds?

It has a central position in the periodic table. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about valence electrons is true?

They determine the major chemical behavior of an element. Signup and view all the answers

What type of bonds hold the atoms in organic compounds together?

Covalent bonds Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common example of a bioorganic compound that stores genetic information?

DNA Signup and view all the answers

How do elements such as carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen combine to form compounds?

By sharing electron pairs to form bonds. Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of carbon allows it to bond with multiple atoms?

It has four valence electrons. Signup and view all the answers

Which functional group is often found in larger bioorganic compounds?

Carboxyl groups Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Biomedical Engineering Course Notes

Biomedical engineering is a specialized scientific program.
The course is about organic chemistry (CHE 111).
Specific course references include texts like "Organic Chemistry" by P.Y. Bruice (2016, Pearson, USA), "Organic Chemistry" by T.W. Graham Solomons (11th Ed., 2014, John Wiley), "Organic Chemistry" by Francis A. Carey (2014, Mc Graw Hill), "Organic Chemistry" by William H. Brown (2018, Cengage Learning), and "Biochemistry, An Organic Chemistry Approach" by Michael B. Smith (2020, Taylor & Francis).
Team code for the course is Oxh0kgc.

Course Objectives

Students will gain an understanding of fundamental molecular concepts, including structure, bonding, geometry, resonance, isomerism, and acid-base chemistry.
Grasp the primary functional groups in organic compounds and study their various properties (physical and chemical).
Learn about significant chemical reactions and mechanisms associated with each family of compounds.
Understand significant applications of organic chemistry tailored to biomedical engineering.
Develop practical skills in handling and identifying organic compounds.

Course Contents

Organic chemistry course covers topics like carbon compounds and chemical bonds, representative carbon compounds (alkenes, alkynes, etc), aromatic compounds, and alcohols, and phenols.

Evaluation Procedures

First Midterm Exam is worth 12.5 points.
Second Midterm Exam is worth 12.5 points.
Lab work is worth 15 points.
Lecture attendance and quizzes are worth 10 points.
Final Exam is worth 50 points.

Chapter 1: Carbon Compounds and Chemical Bonds

The chapter focuses on organic chemistry, specifically including an introduction to the field, and identifying specific learning objectives

Learning Objectives

Define organic chemistry and its importance.
Understand various types of chemical bonds.
Techniques for representing organic molecules.
Learn about resonance theory.

Organic Chemistry and Life

Organic chemistry is essential to many biological systems and processes.
Examples of organic compounds frequently involved in biological systems include DNA, proteins, enzymes, vitamins.
Components such as pesticides, paints, adhesives, and plastics are all compounds derived from organic compounds.
Biomedical uses of organic compounds are significant in technologies such as medicine, bioengineering, and nanotechnology.
Example: Artificial heart components are synthetic organic compounds like polycarbonate and polyurethane.

Biological Relevance

Bioorganic compounds are crucial constituents of living systems, encompassing carbohydrates, fats, proteins, nucleic acids, enzymes, and hormones.
Many bioorganic compounds are significantly more complex compared to simpler organic molecules.
Bioorganic compounds frequently comprise more than one functional group.

Biomolecules

Includes carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Common Examples of Bioorganic Compounds

Sucrose (C12H22O11)
Vitamin B2 (C117H120N406)
Cholesterol (C27H46O)
DNA

Organic Compounds: Number and Variety

The number of known organic compounds is about 16 million.
The prevalence of carbon-containing compounds stems from carbon's unique position in the periodic table.
Carbon's central position within the second row of elements enables it to readily form bonds with various types of atoms.
Carbon commonly shares electrons to accommodate the octet rule.

Covalent Bonds

Carbon atoms usually form covalent bonds, in which electrons are shared between atoms.
The sharing of electrons is driven by the need for each atom to reach stable electron configurations resembling that of inert noble gases.
Covalent bonds in organic molecules form when multiple types of atoms, like carbon, H, N, oxygen, etc., share electron pairs, forming bonds and molecules.

Molecular Orbitals Theory (MOT): Sigma Bond

Atomic orbitals on different atoms combine to create molecular orbitals.
Two hydrogen atoms can form a covalent bond, by overlapping of their 1s orbitals, forming a sigma bond.
The sigma bond results from electrons being shared between the two nuclei of two atoms.

Bond Angles and Shapes of Molecules: Hybrid Orbitals Model

Bond angles in organic compounds are often around 109°, 120°, or 180°.
The variation of bond angles stems from hybridized orbital models rather than the simplistic model of using only s and p orbitals
Examples: Methane (CH4), Ethane, Ethene, Ethyne, all have specific and measurable bond angles resulting from hybridization of orbitals on the carbon and other atoms

Hybrid Orbitals and Bonding

Atomic orbitals can combine to form hybrid atomic orbitals (sp³, sp², sp).
Hybrid orbitals influence molecular shapes (e.g., methane (sp³), ethene (sp²), ethyne (sp)).
The ability of hybrid orbitals to form bonds relies on the properties of those orbitals to form more efficient bonds compared to non-hybridized orbitals.
Hybridized orbitals improve bond formation and bonding strength

Representing Structural Formulas

Lewis structures, three-dimensional structures, and two-dimensional bond-line formulas exist for depicting structural formulas.
Lewis structures explicitly show each valence electron and formal charge
Three-dimensional structures depict spatial arrangements.
Bond-line structures are useful for compactness and depict carbon atoms and their bonds implicitly.

Formal Charge

Formal charge on an atom is determined using its group number, number of bonds, and number of unshared electrons in a Lewis structure.

Resonance

The concept of resonance is used to represent actual structures of molecules or ions.
More stable resonance forms are better representations of the real molecule.
Resonance can result in bonding with partial double bonds which have bond orders intermediate in length, that are equivalent to single or double bonds.
This gives a more accurate picture of the real structure than any of the contributed resonance structures.

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Description

This quiz covers essential concepts in organic chemistry as part of the Biomedical Engineering course (CHE 111). Students will explore molecular structure, bonding, functional groups, and key reactions. References include major textbooks by Bruice, Solomons, Carey, and others, integral to understanding organic chemistry in a biomedical context.