Organic Chemistry Functional Groups Quiz

Functional Groups Overview

• Total Functional Groups: 18 distinct functional groups are recognized in organic chemistry.
• Each functional group possesses unique chemical properties and reactivities.

List of Functional Groups

• Alkyl Halide: Organic compounds containing a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, I) bonded to an alkyl group.
• Alkene: Features at least one double bond between carbon atoms; general formula CnH2n.
• Alkyne: Contains at least one triple bond between carbon atoms; general formula CnH2n-2.
• Alcohol: Characterized by the presence of a hydroxyl (-OH) group attached to a carbon atom.
• Ether: Composed of an oxygen atom connected to two alkyl or aryl groups (R-O-R').
• Thiol: Contains a sulfur atom with a hydrogen atom (-SH) attached, analogous to alcohols.
• Sulfide (Thioether): Similar to ethers but with sulfur instead of oxygen (R-S-R').
• Aromatic Ring: Contains alternating single and double bonds in a cyclic structure, typically benzene.
• Ketone: Features a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to two carbon atoms, usually at the middle of the carbon skeleton.
• Aldehyde: Contains a carbonyl group with at least one hydrogen atom attached; found at the end of a carbon chain.
• Carboxylic Acid: Characterized by a carboxyl group (-COOH), making it acidic.
• Acid Chloride: Contains a carbonyl group bonded to a chlorine atom, reactive in acyl substitution reactions.
• Ester: Formed from the reaction of an alcohol and a carboxylic acid; characterized by the RCOOR' structure.
• Amide: Contains a carbonyl group attached to a nitrogen atom; derivatives of carboxylic acids.
• Amine: Composed of nitrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms or hydrogen; classified based on the number of carbon groups attached.
• Nitrile: Contains a cyano group (-C≡N), characterized by a carbon triple-bonded to a nitrogen atom.
• Nitro: Contains a nitro group (-NO2), typically attached to an aromatic ring or aliphatic carbon.
• Acetal: Formed from the reaction of an aldehyde or ketone with two alcohol molecules, both -O must be bonded to the same carbon.

Additional Notes

• Alkane: Saturated hydrocarbons with single carbon-carbon bonds; no functional groups, general formula CnH2n+2.