Biomechanics of Gait
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Questions and Answers

What is a cost of jerky movements?

  • Efficient energy expenditure
  • High metabolic cost (correct)
  • Low metabolic cost
  • Slower movement velocity

    • What is the most reliable method for collecting client data in Clinical Gait Analysis?

  • Self-administered questionnaires
  • 3D motion analysis (correct)
  • Visual observation
  • 2D motion analysis

    • What happens to the force vector at mid-stance during normal gait?

  • It acts backwards and downwards
  • It acts downwards with a positive horizontal force
  • It acts upwards with no horizontal force (correct)
  • It acts forwards with a negative horizontal force

    • What is a possible cause of anterior trunk bending during gait?

    <p>Poor quad strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the ground reaction force (GRF) during constant velocity walking?

    <p>It remains constant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main differences between external and internal joint moments?

    <p>Internal moments are the rotational forces that occur within a joint, while external moments are the forces that act on the joint from outside.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the kinetic patterns of walking and running?

    <p>The proportion between the impact peak and active peak changes between walking and running.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Clinical Gait Analysis?

    <p>To identify gait deviations and guide medical treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the force vector during toe-off in normal gait?

    <p>It acts upwards and forwards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary muscular role during the braking phase of gait?

    <p>H1, K1, K2, and A1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of the deformity category of gait disorders?

    <p>Deformity that affects mobility, resulting in altered postures and ROM.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary sign of muscle weakness in gait?

    <p>Hesitant to initiate gait action.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is included in observational gait analysis?

    <p>Visual observation of gait patterns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the quadriceps muscle during the early stance phase of gait?

    <p>To stabilize the knee joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the ground reaction force during mid-stance phase of gait?

    <p>Horizontal force is zero</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the upward deceleration of the center of gravity during the gait cycle?

    <p>Weight acceptance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the abnormal gait pattern characterized by a force vector acting in front of the knee?

    <p>Anterior trunk bending</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phase of gait characterized by the positive vertical force and a negative horizontal force?

    <p>Initial contact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the horizontal force that acts in the direction of travel during toe-off?

    <p>Propulsive force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the ground reaction force during double support phase?

    <p>Two hills of equal magnitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the quadriceps muscle in mid-stance phase?

    <p>To stabilize the knee joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the 5 categories of pathological gait?

    <p>deformity, muscular weakness, sensory loss, pain and impaired neuromuscular control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    match the stage to the action

    <p>H1 = hip extensor power generation (concentric) H2 = hip flexor power absorption (eccentric) H3 = hip flexor power generation (concentric) n/a = n/a</p> Signup and view all the answers

    match the stage to the action

    <p>K1 = knee joint power absorption (eccentric) K2 = knee extensor power generation (concentric) K3 = knee extensor power absorption (eccentric) n/a = n/a</p> Signup and view all the answers

    match the stage to the action

    <p>A1 = ankle power absorption (eccentric) A2 = ankle plantar flexion power generation (concentric) n/b = n/b n/a = n/a</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Gait Analysis

    • A gait cycle consists of two strides, including stance and swing phases.
    • In normal gait, the force vector acts slightly behind the knee in early stance phase.

    Ground Reaction Forces (GRF)

    Vertical Forces

    • During constant velocity walking, the vertical force graph has two hill shapes of equal magnitude.
    • F1: upward deceleration of the Centre of Gravity (COG) or weight acceptance (peak arrest).
    • F2: COG moving over the stance limb (mid stance) or push-off rate.
    • F3: upward acceleration of the COG (peak thrust) or propulsion.

    Horizontal Forces (Anterior Posterior)

    • The horizontal force graph has a dip and hill shape.
    • F4: peak braking (arrest).
    • F5: mid support (Fy = 0 BW due to change of direction).
    • F6: peak propulsion (thrust).

    Pathological Gait

    • Deformity: affects mobility, preventing sufficient mobility to attain normal postures and Range of Motion (ROM).
    • Muscle weakness: disuse muscle atrophy or neurological impairment, e.g., aging, motor neuron disorders.
    • Classic signs of muscle weakness include hesitant gait initiation and jerky movements.

    Clinical Gait Analysis

    • Collect client data to identify gait deviations and determine causes.
    • Review relevant medical data and referring notes from other health professionals.
    • 3D motion analysis is the most reliable method.

    Kinetics of Normal Healthy Walking

    • The force vector acts slightly behind the knee in early stance phase.
    • In normal gait, the force vector acts upwards and backwards during initial contact.
    • At mid stance, there is a vertical force acting upwards and no horizontal force (pure vertical force).
    • At toe off, there is a positive horizontal and vertical force acting upwards and forwards through the body.

    Kinetic Differences between Walking and Running

    • Changes in the proportion between the impact peak and active peak, with the active peak being larger in running.
    • Horizontal force curve changes with a shorter start time and increased magnitude of forces.
    • Running downhill increases the impact peak and decreases the active peak, while running uphill has the opposite effect.

    Muscular Roles

    • Swing: H3, K4, and K5 (heavy quad contribution).
    • Braking: H1, K1, K2, and A1.
    • Propulsion: H2, A2, and K3.

    Abnormalities

    • Anterior trunk bending: force vector acts in front of the knee, often due to poor quad strength.
    • Posterior trunk bending: force vector acts behind the knee and hip, often due to poor hip extensor strength.

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    Related Documents

    HSE323 T2 2024 LECTURE NOTES.docx

    Description

    Understand the differences between external and internal joint moments and the kinetic differences between walking and running. Learn about the gait cycle and its various components.

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