Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the percentage of the stance phase in the overall gait cycle?
What is the percentage of the stance phase in the overall gait cycle?
Which phase occurs immediately after the toe off phase in the gait cycle?
Which phase occurs immediately after the toe off phase in the gait cycle?
During which phase is the R’t leg in the PSw while the L’t leg is in a different phase?
During which phase is the R’t leg in the PSw while the L’t leg is in a different phase?
What is the combined percentage of double support in the gait cycle?
What is the combined percentage of double support in the gait cycle?
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In which phase does the right leg achieve maximum knee flexion?
In which phase does the right leg achieve maximum knee flexion?
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What distinguishes walking from running in terms of foot contact with the ground?
What distinguishes walking from running in terms of foot contact with the ground?
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Which of the following is NOT an external factor affecting walking?
Which of the following is NOT an external factor affecting walking?
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How does excluding acceleration/deceleration phases affect gait speed measurement?
How does excluding acceleration/deceleration phases affect gait speed measurement?
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Which of the following best describes spatio-temporal variables in gait?
Which of the following best describes spatio-temporal variables in gait?
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What does the Rancho Los Amigos terminology system primarily describe?
What does the Rancho Los Amigos terminology system primarily describe?
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What happens to cadence and stride length at the beginning of walking faster?
What happens to cadence and stride length at the beginning of walking faster?
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Which component of gait variables typically decreases first during the aging process?
Which component of gait variables typically decreases first during the aging process?
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What is the typical normal width of foot placement during walking?
What is the typical normal width of foot placement during walking?
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If step length can be negative, what does this indicate?
If step length can be negative, what does this indicate?
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What percentage of the gait cycle is comprised of the stance phase?
What percentage of the gait cycle is comprised of the stance phase?
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What is the average gait cycle time for healthy adults?
What is the average gait cycle time for healthy adults?
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During double stance, what is the position of the opposite leg?
During double stance, what is the position of the opposite leg?
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If John's cadence is 150 steps per minute, what is his average gait cycle time in seconds?
If John's cadence is 150 steps per minute, what is his average gait cycle time in seconds?
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What occurs during the initial contact phase of the right foot?
What occurs during the initial contact phase of the right foot?
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What is the primary focus during the loading response phase?
What is the primary focus during the loading response phase?
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During which phase does the center of mass reach its highest point?
During which phase does the center of mass reach its highest point?
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What occurs during the terminal stance phase?
What occurs during the terminal stance phase?
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What is true regarding the pre-swing phase?
What is true regarding the pre-swing phase?
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What distinguishes the mid-stance phase from the other phases?
What distinguishes the mid-stance phase from the other phases?
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What describes the loading response in terms of leg behavior?
What describes the loading response in terms of leg behavior?
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How is weight being transferred in the loading response phase?
How is weight being transferred in the loading response phase?
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What is the unit of measurement for gait speed?
What is the unit of measurement for gait speed?
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What is the percentage of the gait cycle that the right leg spends in stance phase?
What is the percentage of the gait cycle that the right leg spends in stance phase?
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What factor is NOT indicated as affecting measured gait speed?
What factor is NOT indicated as affecting measured gait speed?
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Which age group shows the highest average gait speed for males based on the provided data?
Which age group shows the highest average gait speed for males based on the provided data?
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How does walking speed affect cadence?
How does walking speed affect cadence?
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What is the total duration of Robert's gait cycle?
What is the total duration of Robert's gait cycle?
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How is cadence defined in terms of gait velocity?
How is cadence defined in terms of gait velocity?
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What is the average cadence for adult females?
What is the average cadence for adult females?
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Which phase of the gait cycle corresponds to 41.7% of the total time?
Which phase of the gait cycle corresponds to 41.7% of the total time?
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What happens to the stance time as walking speed increases?
What happens to the stance time as walking speed increases?
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Why might high cadence not indicate good gait quality?
Why might high cadence not indicate good gait quality?
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What is the relationship between stride length and step length?
What is the relationship between stride length and step length?
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Which term describes the phase where the foot is flat on the ground?
Which term describes the phase where the foot is flat on the ground?
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Which statement about gender differences in gait speed is accurate?
Which statement about gender differences in gait speed is accurate?
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In the Rancho Los Amigos terminology, which phase follows 'Terminal stance'?
In the Rancho Los Amigos terminology, which phase follows 'Terminal stance'?
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Which of the following changes is expected with decreased walking speed?
Which of the following changes is expected with decreased walking speed?
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Study Notes
DPT 512: Biomechanics/Kinesiology II - Gait Introduction
- Course: Biomechanics/Kinesiology II
- Instructor: Eric Folkins, PT, DPT, DHSC
- Date: Nov 2024
Learning Objectives
- Differentiate between walking and gait
- Understand observational gait analysis (OGA) context
- Identify four gait analysis measurement categories
- Explain how gait speed is impacted by acceleration/deceleration and distance
- Describe two components of gait speed, including age-related adjustments
- Define basic gait spatio-temporal variables
- Utilize the Rancho Los Amigos terminology system for gait phases
Walking vs. Running
- Walking: Locomotion using alternating legs, maintaining ground contact with at least one foot at all times.
- Running: Locomotion with a flight phase (double floating) where neither foot contacts the ground for a brief period.
Walking – Context Matters
- External factors affecting walking: shoes, lighting, surface, crowds
- Internal factors affecting walking: age, gender, habits, profession, specific diagnoses (neurological, orthopedic), tasks (e.g., carrying items)
Gait
- Gait: Pattern of walking (joint posture/movements), used as biometric data (e.g., forensic analysis)
- Gait recognition methods: Watrix Technology Gait Recognition System (GRS) and CCTV surveillance recordings
OGA (Observational Gait Analysis)
- OGA limitations: unable to observe all biomechanical categories (kinematics, kinetics, muscle activity, energy consumption) and requires extensive training
- Standardized forms (e.g., Rancho Los Amigos) are recommended
- OGA practice using videos
Standard Context for OGA
- Standard gait speed tests: self-selected, fast, slow speeds
- Context control: environment, instructions (e.g., straight-line walking)
- Standard tests: Timed-Up and Go (TUG) as a potential standard gait test (may require further investigation)
- Dual task test exclusion in standard tests
Gait speed (a.k.a. gait velocity)
- Important functional measurement that is used to begin every OGA
- Kinematics and spatiotemporal gait variables are impacted by gait speed.
- Gait speed is significant for older adults, and sensitive to mobility and predicts all cause mortality.
Gait speed interpretation
- Norms for gait speed based on age, gender, and specific populations (e.g., Parkinson's disease) exist.
- Cultural variations and specific diagnoses may require adaptation of norms for gait speed assessment.
Gait speed measurement
- Includes distance and time (e.g., meters per second, feet per second).
- Example calculation: Mary walks 9 meters in 12 seconds, speed = 9 meters/12 seconds = 0.75 meters/second
2 Components of Gait Velocity
- Gait velocity = Step length (m/step) x Cadence (steps/min) / 60 (sec/min)
- Cadence describes the number of steps per minute; step length is the distance between steps
- Examples provided: Mary, Jennifer, gait speeds in m/s
Basic spatio gait variables
- Foot placement determines spatial gait measurements (width, toe-out angle).
- Step length: distance between two consecutive steps.
- Stride length: distance between two successive steps of the same leg.
Basic temporal gait variables
- Gait cycle time: time between two consecutive same events of the same limb(e.g., right heel strike to next right heel strike)
- Stance phase time: duration when a leg is in contact with the floor
- Swing phase time: duration when a foot is not in contact with the floor
- Single stance time: duration when only one foot is in contact with the floor
- Double stance time: duration when both feet are in contact with the floor
Gait phase clinical vs. RLA terminologies
- Gait phases are categorized according to the Rancho Los Amigos terminology in addition to traditional clinical terminologies
IR (Initial Contact) and LR (Loading Response)
- Initial contact: when foot initially touches the floor
- Loading response: period from initial foot contact to when the other foot leaves the ground
MS (Mid-Stance) Phase
- The mid-stance period occurs from toe off to the body being over the rear foot.
- Weight transfers to the rear foot
TSt (Terminal Stance) Phase
- The terminal stance period occurs from the body rolling over the foot to just before the other foot enters initial contact.
- The back heel lifts and weight shifts to the front foot
PSw (Pre-Swing) Phase
- This period is from initial contact on one foot to the toe off of the opposite foot.
- This period is included as part of stance phase.
Swing Phase phases
- Pre Swing (initial swing): Foot lifts from the ground
- Mid Swing: Maximal knee flexion
- Terminal swing: Tibia Vertical, foot is just prior to contact
Gait phase relationship b/w two legs
- One leg is in swing phase while the other is in stance phase, then the other.
- Double stance when both feet are on the ground.
Lab Questions
- Provided in the presentation.
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Description
This quiz covers key concepts in gait analysis and biomechanics as introduced in DPT 512: Biomechanics/Kinesiology II. You will learn to differentiate between walking and running, understand observational gait analysis, and identify important measurement categories. Additionally, the quiz will explore how various factors influence gait speed.
