DPT 512: Gait Analysis Introduction
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Questions and Answers

What is the percentage of the stance phase in the overall gait cycle?

  • 50%
  • 62% (correct)
  • 38%
  • 24%

Which phase occurs immediately after the toe off phase in the gait cycle?

  • Pre-Swing (correct)
  • Terminal Swing
  • Mid-Swing
  • Initial Swing

During which phase is the R’t leg in the PSw while the L’t leg is in a different phase?

  • Stance Phase (correct)
  • Initial Swing (ISw)
  • Mid-Swing (MSw)
  • Terminal Swing (TSw)

What is the combined percentage of double support in the gait cycle?

<p>24% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which phase does the right leg achieve maximum knee flexion?

<p>Initial Swing (ISw) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes walking from running in terms of foot contact with the ground?

<p>At least one foot is in contact with the ground at all times while walking. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an external factor affecting walking?

<p>Age (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does excluding acceleration/deceleration phases affect gait speed measurement?

<p>It decreases the calculated gait speed. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes spatio-temporal variables in gait?

<p>They combine distance and time measurements during gait. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Rancho Los Amigos terminology system primarily describe?

<p>Various phases of gait. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to cadence and stride length at the beginning of walking faster?

<p>Both cadence and stride length increase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of gait variables typically decreases first during the aging process?

<p>Cadence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical normal width of foot placement during walking?

<p>8-10 cm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If step length can be negative, what does this indicate?

<p>A backward step on the left side (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the gait cycle is comprised of the stance phase?

<p>60% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average gait cycle time for healthy adults?

<p>1 to 1.1 seconds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During double stance, what is the position of the opposite leg?

<p>Swing phase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If John's cadence is 150 steps per minute, what is his average gait cycle time in seconds?

<p>0.8 seconds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the initial contact phase of the right foot?

<p>The heel of the right foot strikes the ground. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus during the loading response phase?

<p>The right foot becomes flat on the ground. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase does the center of mass reach its highest point?

<p>Mid-Stance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the terminal stance phase?

<p>The right heel rises as weight shifts. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is true regarding the pre-swing phase?

<p>The right leg is still on the ground while the left leg starts to load. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the mid-stance phase from the other phases?

<p>The right foot is flat on the ground. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the loading response in terms of leg behavior?

<p>The right leg transitions from unloading to loading. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is weight being transferred in the loading response phase?

<p>From the left leg to the right leg. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the unit of measurement for gait speed?

<p>Meter per second (C), Foot per second (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of the gait cycle that the right leg spends in stance phase?

<p>58.3% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor is NOT indicated as affecting measured gait speed?

<p>Environmental temperature (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which age group shows the highest average gait speed for males based on the provided data?

<p>30's (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does walking speed affect cadence?

<p>Cadence increases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the total duration of Robert's gait cycle?

<p>1.2 seconds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is cadence defined in terms of gait velocity?

<p>Number of steps per unit of time (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average cadence for adult females?

<p>121 steps/minute (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of the gait cycle corresponds to 41.7% of the total time?

<p>Swing phase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the stance time as walking speed increases?

<p>Stance time decreases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might high cadence not indicate good gait quality?

<p>It may include shuffling gait. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between stride length and step length?

<p>Stride length is approximately twice the step length. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the phase where the foot is flat on the ground?

<p>Foot flat (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about gender differences in gait speed is accurate?

<p>Men have longer step lengths and faster gait speeds than women. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Rancho Los Amigos terminology, which phase follows 'Terminal stance'?

<p>Pre-swing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following changes is expected with decreased walking speed?

<p>Increase in double stance time (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Walking vs. Gait

Walking is a method of locomotion using legs, with at least one foot on the ground. Gait is the pattern of the walk, including posture and movements.

Observational Gait Analysis (OGA) Context

OGA requires a controlled environment with clear factors affecting the gait. Considerations include external (environment, shoes) and internal (age, health) features. Also, consider tasks or intentions.

Gait Biomechanical Measurement Categories

Biomechanical analysis of gait has 4 key measurement categories, but the specific categories are not given in this text.

Gait Speed Measurement & Acceleration

Gait speed measurement can be impacted by excluding acceleration/deceleration and the distance measured. These affect the results by not considering the full walk.

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Gait Speed Components

Gait speed is made up of parts which influence speed changes. Components are affected by factors such as age.

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Gait Speed

The distance walked per unit of time, measured in meters per second (m/s) or feet per second (ft/s).

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Cadence

The number of steps taken per unit of time, often measured in steps per minute.

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Step Length

The distance between two consecutive steps.

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Stride Length

The distance between two consecutive steps of the same foot.

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Gait Speed (Men vs Women)

Men typically walk faster (without normalization) than women.

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Cadence (Men vs Women)

Women tend to have a higher cadence (steps per minute) than men.

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Step Length (Men vs Women)

Men typically have longer step lengths than women.

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Gait Speed Measurement Challenges

Standardized protocols and reliability in gait speed testing are crucial for accurate results, as many factors affect the results.

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Gait Cycle %

The entire walking cycle from one heel strike to the next heel strike of the same foot, represented as a percentage from 0% to 100%

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Stance Phase

The time when the foot is in contact with the ground (60% of the gait cycle)

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Swing Phase

The time when the foot is in the air (40% of the gait cycle)

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Heel Strike

The initial contact of the heel with the ground

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Toe Off

The moment the toes leave the ground, ending the stance phase

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Faster Walking Speed Effects

When walking speed increases, cadence (steps per minute) increases, while the gait cycle time, stance time, and single stance time all decrease. This also leads to shorter double stance time and increased swing phase percentage.

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Clinical Terminology (Heel Strike to Toe Off)

Describes the stages of the stance phase from heel strike to toe off, focusing on the foot's position.

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Rancho Los Amigos Terminology

Describes the stance phase in more detail, breaking it down into six distinct phases

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Gait Speed - Cadence and Stride Length

When walking faster, both cadence (steps per minute) and stride length increase. At very high speeds, cadence continues to increase, but stride length plateaus. Further increases in cadence lead to running.

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Gait Speed in Aging

Older individuals tend to walk slower. As we age, the first component of gait to decrease is typically stride length.

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Basic Spatial Gait Variables

Spatial gait variables describe the physical positioning of the feet during walking. They include step length, step width, and toe-out angle.

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Asymmetrical Step Length

Step length can vary between the left and right foot. One leg might have a longer step length than the other.

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Negative Step Length

A negative step length means the foot is taking a step backward instead of forward. This can occur on one side of the body during walking.

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Negative Step Width

A negative step width occurs when one foot crosses over the other during walking. This is a deviation from the typical foot placement.

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Gait Cycle Time

The time taken for a complete walking cycle, from one heel strike to the next heel strike of the same foot. This includes two steps, one with each foot.

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Stance and Swing Phases

The gait cycle is divided into two phases: stance phase (foot on the ground) and swing phase (foot in the air). Stance typically lasts 60% of the cycle, while swing lasts 40%.

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Double Support Phase

The portion of the gait cycle when both feet are in contact with the ground. It's a brief period of stability before transitioning to single support.

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Pre-Swing (PSw)

The final phase of the stance phase, just before the foot lifts off the ground for the swing phase.

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Single Stance Phase

The portion of the gait cycle when only one foot is in contact with the ground.

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Initial Swing (ISw)

The first part of the swing phase, starting when the toes leave the ground and ending when the knee reaches maximum flexion.

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Terminal Swing (TSw)

The final part of the swing phase, starting when the tibia becomes vertical again and ending when the heel makes contact with the ground.

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Initial Contact

The moment the heel of the reference foot first touches the ground, marking the start of the stance phase.

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Loading Response

The period after initial contact where the body's weight shifts onto the reference leg, the foot flattens, and the other leg starts to swing forward.

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Mid Stance

The phase when the body's center of mass is at its highest point, the reference leg is fully bearing weight, and the other leg is swinging forward.

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Terminal Stance

The phase where the reference leg starts to unload, the heel lifts off the ground, prepares for toe off, and the other leg is still swinging forward.

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Pre Swing

The brief period just before the reference foot leaves the ground, the body weight shifts to the other leg, and both feet are in contact with the ground.

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Initial Swing

The moment the reference foot lifts off the ground and starts to swing forward, beginning the swing phase.

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Mid Swing

The phase where the reference leg is fully swinging forward and the other leg is bearing weight.

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Terminal Swing

The final part of the swing phase where the reference leg is slowing down, preparing for the next heel strike.

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Study Notes

DPT 512: Biomechanics/Kinesiology II - Gait Introduction

  • Course: Biomechanics/Kinesiology II
  • Instructor: Eric Folkins, PT, DPT, DHSC
  • Date: Nov 2024

Learning Objectives

  • Differentiate between walking and gait
  • Understand observational gait analysis (OGA) context
  • Identify four gait analysis measurement categories
  • Explain how gait speed is impacted by acceleration/deceleration and distance
  • Describe two components of gait speed, including age-related adjustments
  • Define basic gait spatio-temporal variables
  • Utilize the Rancho Los Amigos terminology system for gait phases

Walking vs. Running

  • Walking: Locomotion using alternating legs, maintaining ground contact with at least one foot at all times.
  • Running: Locomotion with a flight phase (double floating) where neither foot contacts the ground for a brief period.

Walking – Context Matters

  • External factors affecting walking: shoes, lighting, surface, crowds
  • Internal factors affecting walking: age, gender, habits, profession, specific diagnoses (neurological, orthopedic), tasks (e.g., carrying items)

Gait

  • Gait: Pattern of walking (joint posture/movements), used as biometric data (e.g., forensic analysis)
  • Gait recognition methods: Watrix Technology Gait Recognition System (GRS) and CCTV surveillance recordings

OGA (Observational Gait Analysis)

  • OGA limitations: unable to observe all biomechanical categories (kinematics, kinetics, muscle activity, energy consumption) and requires extensive training
  • Standardized forms (e.g., Rancho Los Amigos) are recommended
  • OGA practice using videos

Standard Context for OGA

  • Standard gait speed tests: self-selected, fast, slow speeds
  • Context control: environment, instructions (e.g., straight-line walking)
  • Standard tests: Timed-Up and Go (TUG) as a potential standard gait test (may require further investigation)
  • Dual task test exclusion in standard tests

Gait speed (a.k.a. gait velocity)

  • Important functional measurement that is used to begin every OGA
  • Kinematics and spatiotemporal gait variables are impacted by gait speed.
  • Gait speed is significant for older adults, and sensitive to mobility and predicts all cause mortality.

Gait speed interpretation

  • Norms for gait speed based on age, gender, and specific populations (e.g., Parkinson's disease) exist.
  • Cultural variations and specific diagnoses may require adaptation of norms for gait speed assessment.

Gait speed measurement

  • Includes distance and time (e.g., meters per second, feet per second).
  • Example calculation: Mary walks 9 meters in 12 seconds, speed = 9 meters/12 seconds = 0.75 meters/second

2 Components of Gait Velocity

  • Gait velocity = Step length (m/step) x Cadence (steps/min) / 60 (sec/min)
  • Cadence describes the number of steps per minute; step length is the distance between steps
  • Examples provided: Mary, Jennifer, gait speeds in m/s

Basic spatio gait variables

  • Foot placement determines spatial gait measurements (width, toe-out angle).
  • Step length: distance between two consecutive steps.
  • Stride length: distance between two successive steps of the same leg.

Basic temporal gait variables

  • Gait cycle time: time between two consecutive same events of the same limb(e.g., right heel strike to next right heel strike)
  • Stance phase time: duration when a leg is in contact with the floor
  • Swing phase time: duration when a foot is not in contact with the floor
  • Single stance time: duration when only one foot is in contact with the floor
  • Double stance time: duration when both feet are in contact with the floor

Gait phase clinical vs. RLA terminologies

  • Gait phases are categorized according to the Rancho Los Amigos terminology in addition to traditional clinical terminologies

IR (Initial Contact) and LR (Loading Response)

  • Initial contact: when foot initially touches the floor
  • Loading response: period from initial foot contact to when the other foot leaves the ground

MS (Mid-Stance) Phase

  • The mid-stance period occurs from toe off to the body being over the rear foot.
  • Weight transfers to the rear foot

TSt (Terminal Stance) Phase

  • The terminal stance period occurs from the body rolling over the foot to just before the other foot enters initial contact.
  • The back heel lifts and weight shifts to the front foot

PSw (Pre-Swing) Phase

  • This period is from initial contact on one foot to the toe off of the opposite foot.
  • This period is included as part of stance phase.

Swing Phase phases

  • Pre Swing (initial swing): Foot lifts from the ground
  • Mid Swing: Maximal knee flexion
  • Terminal swing: Tibia Vertical, foot is just prior to contact

Gait phase relationship b/w two legs

  • One leg is in swing phase while the other is in stance phase, then the other.
  • Double stance when both feet are on the ground.

Lab Questions

  • Provided in the presentation.

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Gait Introduction 2024 PDF

Description

This quiz covers key concepts in gait analysis and biomechanics as introduced in DPT 512: Biomechanics/Kinesiology II. You will learn to differentiate between walking and running, understand observational gait analysis, and identify important measurement categories. Additionally, the quiz will explore how various factors influence gait speed.

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