DPT 512: Biomechanics of Gait Introduction

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Questions and Answers

What distinguishes running from walking in terms of foot contact with the ground?

There is a flight phase during running where no foot is in contact with the ground. (correct)

Both feet are on the ground at all times during running.

Walking does not require any foot contact with the ground.

Walking incorporates a flight phase like running.

Which of the following factors is considered an internal factor affecting gait?

Age (correct)

Slippery floor

High-heel shoes

Ambient light condition

What are the two components of gait speed that are crucial for adjustment with aging?

Joint angles and posture

Acceleration and deceleration phases

Foot placement and ground reaction forces

Stride length and frequency (correct)

In Observational Gait Analysis (OGA), which of the following would not be considered a biomechanical measurement category?

Emotional measures Signup and view all the answers

Which terminology system is used to describe gait phases?

Rancho Los Amigos terminology system Signup and view all the answers

What phase follows the Pre-swing (PSw) phase in the swing phase of gait?

Terminal Swing (TSw) Signup and view all the answers

How is the Double Support phase represented in terms of percentage in the gait cycle?

24% Signup and view all the answers

During which phase is the right leg in Pre-swing (PSw) when the left leg is in a specific phase?

Mid Swing (MSw) Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the gait cycle is contributed by the Stance phase?

62% Signup and view all the answers

In a gait cycle, what characterizes the relationship between the left and right legs during double support?

One leg is in swing and the other in stance. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of gait analysis can only be observed by the human eye?

Kinematics Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is crucial for the accuracy of Observational Gait Analysis (OGA)?

The observers’ ability Signup and view all the answers

Why is gait speed often referred to as the 6th vital sign for older adults?

It serves as an indicator of overall mobility and health. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following variables is significantly affected by gait speed?

Gait kinematics and temporospectral variables Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended practice when performing OGA?

Using a standardized form during assessment Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors should NOT be included in a standardized gait test?

Participants' emotional state Signup and view all the answers

What should be controlled during a gait speed test to ensure standardized results?

External factors that can affect gait Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the standardization of gait tests is true?

Consistency with individual performance is important for comparison. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to cadence and stride length at the beginning of walking faster?

Both cadence and stride length increase Signup and view all the answers

Which spatial gait variable typically has a normal width range of 8-10 cm?

Step width Signup and view all the answers

What is the stance phase time as a percentage of the gait cycle?

60% Signup and view all the answers

Which component decreases first in older adults as they age?

Stride length Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of Robert's gait cycle is spent in the right stance phase?

58.3% Signup and view all the answers

What does a negative step length indicate?

Backward step primarily from the left side Signup and view all the answers

How long does the average gait cycle last in healthy adults?

1 to 1.1 seconds Signup and view all the answers

Which variable decreases with increased walking speed?

Stance phase % Signup and view all the answers

In the context of gait phases, what occurs when the right leg is in double stance?

The left leg is in double stance phase Signup and view all the answers

During Robert's gait cycle, what is the total time his right leg is in the air?

0.5 seconds Signup and view all the answers

Which term corresponds to the beginning of the stance phase?

Heel Strike Signup and view all the answers

If John has a cadence of 150 steps/minute, what is his average gait cycle time?

0.8 seconds/stride Signup and view all the answers

How is gait speed measured?

Distance walked divided by time taken. Signup and view all the answers

How does swing time change with faster walking speed?

Decreases Signup and view all the answers

What is the total duration of Robert's gait cycle?

1.2 seconds Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does NOT influence measured gait speed?

The weather conditions on the testing day. Signup and view all the answers

In the Rancho Los Amigos terminology, which phase follows 'Initial Contact'?

Loading Response Signup and view all the answers

Which situation describes a high cadence but slow gait speed?

A patient with Parkinson's disease displaying shuffling gait. Signup and view all the answers

What is the average stride length relative to step length?

Average stride length is approximately double the step length. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to double stance time with increased walking speed?

It decreases Signup and view all the answers

In terms of gait speed, which demographic tends to walk faster without any normalization?

Males generally walk faster than females. Signup and view all the answers

Which combination can increase gait speed effectively?

Increasing both cadence and step length. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common gait characteristic of women compared to men?

Higher cadence on average. Signup and view all the answers

What is the gait speed of a person who walks 9 meters in 12 seconds?

1.2 m/s Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

DPT 512: Biomechanics/Kinesiology II - Gait - Introduction

The course is DPT 512: Biomechanics/Kinesiology II, focusing on gait introduction.
Learning objectives include differentiating walking and gait, describing observational gait analysis (OGA) context, outlining biomechanical gait analysis categories, understanding how gait speed is affected by acceleration/deceleration phases, describing gait speed components and adjustments (like aging), identifying gait spatio-temporal variables, and describing gait phases using Rancho Los Amigos terminology.

Walking vs. Running

Walking involves alternating use of legs for support and propulsion, always with at least one foot in contact with the ground.
Running includes a 'flight phase' where both feet are momentarily off the ground.

Walking - Context Matters

External factors affecting walking include shoes (e.g., high heels, special shoes), ambient lighting, and crowded areas.
Internal factors affecting walking are age, gender, habits (e.g., ballet training), and specific conditions like neurological or orthopedic diagnoses.
Intentions, like texting or holding an object, also influence walking.

Gait

Gait is a pattern of posture and movement during walking, characteristic for each individual.
Gait recognition systems (e.g., Watrix) use biometrics for analyses, like forensic gait analysis.
Gait measurements often utilize CCTV surveillance for recording.

OGA (Observational Gait Analysis)

OGA is a clinical method, limiting observation to human eye capabilities.
Four categories of biomechanical gait analysis (Kinematics, Kinetics, Muscle Activity, Energy Consumption) are not all observable by the human eye.
Standardised instruments are needed for precise gait measurement and analysis.

Standard Context for OGA

Gait speed tests should be performed at different speeds (e.g., self-selected fast, slow).
Controlling external environmental factors are crucial.
Clear instructions for tasks (e.g., walking straight) are important.
Standardised protocols (e.g., using Timed Up and Go test as a standard) can be helpful and comparing results between different clinics.
Testing protocols should include excluding dual tasks (e.g., talking) during testing.
Specific measurements of the distance should be noted.

Gait Speed

Gait speed (velocity) is a key variable in OGA that holds significant functional meaning and is used to start the analysis.
It is sensitive to mobility declines and is an indicator of overall health and function risks (e.g., likelihood of falls), and useful in predicting healthcare costs.

Gait Speed Interpretation

Age and gender-specific standards are used for gait speed analysis.
Population-specific factors (e.g., Parkinson's disease) affect these standards.
Challenges exist in interpreting and evaluating the data for some individuals.

Gait Speed Measurement

Gait speed is calculated by dividing the distance covered by the time taken to cover that distance.
Common unit in measurements is meters/second (m/sec).
Example calculation provided using a 9 meters' walk in 12 sec
Factors influencing measured gait speed should be considered.

Two Components of Gait Velocity

Gait velocity is impacted by both step length and cadence (steps per minute).
Example calculations provided for gait speed using these 2 components using an 80 cm/step average and a 140 steps/minute cadence.

Basic Spatial Gait Variables

Spatial gait variability is determined by foot placement during walking.
Normal spatial metrics include step width (typical range: 8–10 cm horizontally) and toe-out angle (typical range: 8–10 degrees).
Step length can be asymmetrical and in some cases negative (i.e., step backward)
Step width can be negative (cross-over step)

Basic Temporal Gait Variables

Gait time is measured by successively tracing the same event on the same limb (i.e., right heel strike to right heel strike).
Stance phase measures the time during which a leg is in contact with the ground; while swing phase refers to the time during which the leg moves forward and is not in contact with the ground.
Single stance refers to when only one foot is in contact with the ground; while double stance refers to the time when both feet are in contact with the ground.
Temporal characteristics of gait are commonly expressed in percentages of the complete gait cycle.

Gait Phase Relationship

The phases of gait for both legs are linked in a cyclical pattern and are commonly expressed using percentages.
The gait of an opposite leg is impacted by the phase of the active leg.
Double support phase duration consists of two distinct parts in its total time (L't IC to R't IC)

Gait Phases- Terminology

Clinical terms and Rancho Los Amigos classifications, comparing clinical terminology (heel strike, initial contact etc) with the Rancho Los amigos system (initiating loading etc) were discussed to help in understanding how gait occurs.
Right leg is used as the reference point for the remaining slides. Specific phases of gait stages are detailed in some slides.

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Description

This quiz covers the introductory concepts of gait in the context of DPT 512: Biomechanics/Kinesiology II. Test your knowledge on the differences between walking and running, observational gait analysis, and the factors affecting gait speed and phases. Gain insights into spatio-temporal variables and the contextual influences on walking performance.