Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the effect of knee flexion during the stance phase of gait?
What is the effect of knee flexion during the stance phase of gait?
- It shortens the leg and reduces the height of the apex of the curve of center of gravity. (correct)
- It has no significant impact on gait dynamics.
- It increases the height of the center of gravity.
- It delays the toe-off phase.
Which mechanism primarily lengthens the leg at heel contact?
Which mechanism primarily lengthens the leg at heel contact?
- Ankle mechanism (correct)
- Knee mechanism
- Foot mechanism
- Hip mechanism
What does the foot mechanism accomplish during gait?
What does the foot mechanism accomplish during gait?
- It minimizes the length of the leg during stance.
- It reduces lateral displacement of center of gravity. (correct)
- It keeps the center of gravity elevated.
- It maintains a narrow walking base.
How is the ground reaction force resolved during gait?
How is the ground reaction force resolved during gait?
Which phase of gait occurs from heel contact to foot flat?
Which phase of gait occurs from heel contact to foot flat?
What defines cadence in the context of the gait cycle?
What defines cadence in the context of the gait cycle?
Which phase of the gait cycle includes heel contact and toe-off?
Which phase of the gait cycle includes heel contact and toe-off?
What is the average vertical displacement of the center of gravity during the gait cycle?
What is the average vertical displacement of the center of gravity during the gait cycle?
Which of the following describes the effect of pelvic rotation during the gait cycle?
Which of the following describes the effect of pelvic rotation during the gait cycle?
What is the path of the center of gravity as viewed from the anterior-posterior perspective during walking?
What is the path of the center of gravity as viewed from the anterior-posterior perspective during walking?
Which of the following is NOT a phase of the swing phase of the gait cycle?
Which of the following is NOT a phase of the swing phase of the gait cycle?
What is the average distance covered in a unit time described as?
What is the average distance covered in a unit time described as?
Which movement best describes the lateral displacement of the center of gravity during gait?
Which movement best describes the lateral displacement of the center of gravity during gait?
Flashcards
Gait Cycle
Gait Cycle
A series of rhythmical, alternating movements of the trunk and limbs that result in the forward progression of the center of gravity.
Velocity (in gait)
Velocity (in gait)
The distance covered by the body in a unit of time.
Cadence
Cadence
The number of steps a person takes per unit time.
Stance Phase
Stance Phase
The period in which the foot is in contact with the ground.
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Swing Phase
Swing Phase
The period in which the foot is not in contact with the ground.
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Heel Contact
Heel Contact
The point where the heel of the swing limb touches the ground.
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Foot Flat
Foot Flat
The point where the entire foot makes contact with the ground.
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Pelvic Rotation
Pelvic Rotation
A forward rotation of the pelvis in the horizontal plane during the swing phase.
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Ground Reaction Force
Ground Reaction Force
The force exerted by the foot on the ground due to gravity and inertia. The force is counteracted by the ground reaction force, which can be further broken down into horizontal and vertical components.
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Kinematics
Kinematics
The science of movement, focusing on the motion of the body and the forces that cause it. It helps us understand how joints move and how muscles work during walking.
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Kinetics
Kinetics
Deals with the forces that cause motion. In gait analysis, it examines the forces acting on the body during walking, such as muscle forces, gravity, and ground reaction forces.
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Biomechanics of Gait
- Gait cycle is a series of rhythmic, alternating movements of the trunk and limbs, resulting in forward progression of the center of gravity.
- Gait cycle terminology includes step length, stride length, and walking base.
- Cadence is the number of steps per unit time. Normal cadence is 100-115 steps/minute.
- Velocity is the distance covered by the body in unit time, usually measured in m/s. Average velocity is calculated as step length multiplied by cadence.
- Gait cycle phases include stance and swing phases, divided into specific tasks and periods.
- Stance phase includes heel contact, foot-flat, midstance, heel-off, and toe-off.
- Swing phase includes acceleration, midswing, and deceleration.
- Time frames show stance vs. swing and single vs. double support.
- Walking speeds increase from walking to running.
- Center of gravity (CG) is typically midway between the hips, a few cm in front of S2. Least energy is consumed when the CG travels in a straight line.
- Vertical displacement of the CG is rhythmic up and down during walking, with the highest point at midstance and the lowest at double support. Average displacement is 5 cm.
- Lateral displacement of the CG is rhythmic side-to-side, with a lateral limit at midstance and an average displacement of 5 cm.
- Overall displacement is the sum of vertical and horizontal displacement, following a figure-8 pattern.
- Determinants of gait include pelvic rotation, pelvic tilt, knee flexion in stance phase, ankle mechanism, foot mechanism and foot mechanism including a normal walking base of 5cm to 10cm.
- Gait analysis examines kinematics (motion) and kinetics (forces), with external and internal forces involved.
- Ground reaction forces (RF) are the forces exerted by the ground on the body, with horizontal (HF) and vertical (VF) components. Understanding joint position and RF aids in understanding muscle activity during gait.
- Sagittal plane motion during gait includes stance and swing phases, with specific ankle, knee, and hip kinematics and kinetics.
- Early stance, mid stance, and late stance/heel-off to toe-off motions are detailed including specific foot, knee and hip movements.
- Swing phase motions are also described for ankle, knee and hip.
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